Language

Question 1

what is a language?

Answer 1

a shared symbolic system for purposeful communication

Question 2

Why do we have so many languages?

Answer 2

vocabulary is shaped by environment and culture and what needs to be communicated.

Question 3

What are lexical tones determined by?

Answer 3

partly by climate. more lexical tones in warmer climate.

Question 4

What is Aphasia?

Answer 4

impaired language function from brain injury

Question 5

What is Broca’s aphasia?

Answer 5

intact language comprehension but impairments with speech production caused by damage to Broca’s area.

Question 6

Where is Broca’s area?

Answer 6

inferior frontal lobe

Question 7

What does the severity of Broca’s aphasia depend on?

Answer 7

the amount of damage to the Broca’s area.

Question 8

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

Answer 8

Ability to produce speech but the content is not meaningful or comprehensible caused by damage to the superior temporal lobe.

Question 9

What are paraphasias?

Answer 9

language errors or the misuse of words

Question 10

What is verbal paraphasia?

Answer 10

substituting a word with something semantically-related

Question 11

What is phonemic (literal) paraphasia?

Answer 11

swapping or adding speech sounds

Question 12

What is a neologism?

Answer 12

using a made-up word

Question 13

What is conduction Aphasia?

Answer 13

when you have an inability for info to be transmitted from wernicke’s to boca’s

Question 14

What is psycholinguistics?

Answer 14

studying how we comprehend, produce and represent language

Question 15

What are phonemes?

Answer 15

smallest linguistic units

Question 16

what are morphemes and words?

Answer 16

the smallest meaningful units of language

Question 17

what are semantics?

Answer 17

the meaning

Question 18

what is linguistic competence?

Answer 18

an internalized system of rules for language

Question 19

What is linguistic performance?

Answer 19

dependent on competence mixed with cognitive factors and situational factors

Question 20

What is the finite state grammar model?

Answer 20

rule system for forming sentences that operates one word by one word in one linear direction

Question 21

What are the problems with the finite state grammar model?

Answer 21

• limits the choices for next state

- system can’t explain complexity in sentence generation

Question 22

what are phase structure rules?

Answer 22

implicit and convert symbols to constrain language at the sentence level

Question 23

What are ambiguous sentences?

Answer 23

Phrase structures de can be interpreted with different meanings

Question 24

what are garden path sentences?

Answer 24

Grammatical sentences that are interpreted incorrectly because of the rulesthat are applied

Question 25

What is transformational grammar?

Answer 25

Special grammatical transformational rules that convert a full phrase between the phrase structure (surface phonological structure) and deep structure (semantic meaning)

Question 26

what is the innateness hypothesis?

Answer 26

We have an innate set of learning tools, Language Acquisition Device

Question 27

What is the poverty of stimulus argument?

Answer 27

the poverty of stimulus argument states that the linguistic environment of a child is not sufficient to allow that child to learn a language, yet child still learn language so rapidly

Question 28

What is the nativist view?

Answer 28

The relationship between language and thought changes overdevelopment/as we learn

Question 29

What is the language of thought hypothesis?

Answer 29

single determined mental language that guides our thoughts that is innate.

Question 30

What is linguistic relativity?

Answer 30

it suggests that language and thought are dependent

Question 31

What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

Answer 31

linguistic determinism states a person's thoughts are determined by language

Question 32

What is intrinsic frame?

Answer 32

spatial relations described in relation to objects

Question 33

What is relative frame?

Answer 33

spatial relations described from an observer's viewpoint

Question 34

What is absolute frame?

Answer 34

spatial relations described as map coordinates

Question 35

What is surface dyslexia?

Answer 35

person is impaired at producing irregular pronounced words

Question 36

what is Phonological dyslexia?

Answer 36

when a person is impaired at reading non-words or new words

Question 37

What is the cooperative principle?

Answer 37

when we engage in convo, weaccept this principlethat people follow certain maxim’s or rules

Question 38

What are prices maxims?

Answer 38

- Maxim of quantity: say no more than is necessary but not too little - Maxim of quality: say what is truthful - Maxim of relation: Attempt to be relevant to the conversation - Maxim of manner: Avoid ambiguity, be clear and brief

Question 39

What are problems with maxims?

Answer 39

- overlap with one another - not universally applicable - more like a guideline for etiquette

Question 40

what is Given-new contract?

Answer 40

Expect people to give us info we already know before we are given new info

Question 41

How does gendered language affect gender inequality?

Answer 41

the more gendered language, the more inequality.