Concepts

Question 1

What are categories?

Answer 1

when you group things together

Question 2

What are concepts?

Answer 2

your knowledge about the group

Question 3

What is the function of concepts?

Answer 3

• do the right thing with the right kind of thing
• how to act in new situations
• used to predict outcomes, guide behaviour, new outcomes

Question 4

What are the two dimensions in which concepts are organized?

Answer 4

• Inclusivity (how specific something is)
• Top-down hierarchy
• Superordinate: most general way of talking about something
• Basic: how we talk about things normally
• subordinate: represent something with the lowest degree of inclusion/most specificity

Question 5

What is cognitive economy?

Answer 5

A balance between simplification and differentiation. when categorizing and describing concepts

Question 6

What level of concept organization is used by people with semantic dementia?

Answer 6

basic level, but as disease gets worst it is impaired.

Question 7

What is graded organization?

Answer 7

we have good and bad examples of certain categories. ex: trout is better example of fish than shark

Question 8

What is rule-based approach?

Answer 8

Concepts are defined as collections of sufficient and necessary features

Question 9

What is the probability -based (prototype) approach?

Answer 9

concepts are formed through experience and based on probability

Question 10

What is Bruner’s rule-based approach?

Answer 10

Concepts emerge from forming rules about attributes that define membership

Question 11

what are attributes?

Answer 11

features that are expressed as different values by category members.

Question 12

How do we establish a concept?

Answer 12

• by forming hypothesis about the different attributes that form a concept
• refining these hypotheses with test results

Question 13

What are the 3 types of concepts?

Answer 13

• conjuctive concept: when an instance must hold all the attributes to make it a member
• disjunctive concept: when an instance must hold only one attribute to make it a member
• relation concept: when an instance must have attributes relate to make it a member

Question 14

What is conservative focusing?

Answer 14

when you encounter a positive instance, and focus on just one attribute to create a rule and test that rule on new instances.

Question 15

what is focus gambling?

Answer 15

when you encounter a positive instance, you focus on all the attributes of the instance to create a rule and test that rule on new instances.

Question 16

Do concepts have rules?

Answer 16

Concepts do not have rules, rather are defined by a single essence or resemblance to a collection of features.

Question 17

What is an item’s membership to a category like?

Answer 17

it is not all or none but a matter of degree. An item can belong to multiple categories at the same time.

Question 18

What is prototype theory?

Answer 18

categories are formed from the overlap of concepts exemplars extracted from experience.

Question 19

What is the typicality effect?

Answer 19

natural preference for processing prototypical than obscure members when accessing concept information.

Question 20

what is an Ad-hoc category?

Answer 20

a category concept that is invented for a specific purpose or goal by bringing together dissimilar members

Question 21

What do ad-hoc categories suggest about concepts?

Answer 21

that they are organized as knowledge not similarity

Question 22

How is conceptual knowledge stored?

Answer 22

as sensorimotor representations in the brain

Question 23

What is the perceptual symbols system?

Answer 23

Follows idea that we access different features of a concept depending on ourgoal or reason for accessing the information

Question 24

What does the. perceptual symbols system reject?

Answer 24

the notion that concepts are abstract representations.