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A level - Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Multi Store model

A

An explanation of memory that sees information flowing through a series of storage systems

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2
Q

Coding

A

The means by which information is represented in memory

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3
Q

Capacity

A

The amount of information that can be stored at a given time

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4
Q

Duration

A

The length of time information remains within storage

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5
Q

Memory

A

The means by which the mind stores and retrieves information and events experienced

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6
Q

Sensory register (SR)

A

A short-duration store holding impressions of information received by the senses

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7
Q

Short-term memory (STM)

A

A temporary store holding small amounts of information for brief periods

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8
Q

Long-term memory (LTM)

A

A permanent store holding limitless amounts of information for long periods

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9
Q

Coding in SR

A

Information is stored in a raw, unprocessed form, Information that is paid attention to passes on to the STM.

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10
Q

Capacity in SR

A

The capacity of each sensory memory store is very small, with the information contained being in a processed, highly detailed and ever-changing format.

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11
Q

Duration in SR

A

All sensory memory stores have limited duration, though the actual duration of each store in not constant.

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12
Q

Coding in STM

A

Visually, Acoustically or Semantically

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13
Q

Capacity of STM

A

Limited capacity, between five and nine items can be held (7+-2), can be increased by chunking letters

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14
Q

Duration of STM

A

Information remains in STM for 18-30 seconds, increased by rehearsal

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15
Q

Coding of LTM

A

Coding is stronger and much deeper, verbal material is mainly semantic, as well as visual and acoustic code

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16
Q

Capacity of LTM

A

Potential capacity is unlimited, information may be lost due to decay and interference

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17
Q

Duration of LTM

A

Depends on an individuals lifespan, as memories can last a lifetime

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18
Q

Visually

A

By thinking of the image of a platypus

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19
Q

Acoustically

A

By repeatedly saying ‘platypus’

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20
Q

Semantically

A

By using a knowledge of platypuses, such as their being venomous egg-laying aquatic marsupials that hunt prey through electrolocation

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21
Q

Chunking

A

Method of increasing STM capacity by grouping information into larger units

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22
Q

Retrieval

A

The recall of stored memories

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23
Q

Joseph Jacobs (1887)

A

j

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24
Q

Alan Baddeley (1966)

A

j

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25
Q

George Miller (1956)

A

j

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26
Q

Margret and Lloyd Peterson (1959)

A

j

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27
Q

Harry Bahrick et al (1975)

A

j

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28
Q

Tim Shallice and Elizabeth Warrington (1970) KM

A

j

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29
Q

Fergus Craik and Michael Watkins (1973)

A

j

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30
Q

Episodic memory

A

A long-term memory store for personal events. Memories from this store have to be retrieved consciously and with effort

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31
Q

Semantic memory

A

A long-term memory store from our knowledge of the world. These memories usually also need to be recalled deliberately

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32
Q

Procedural memory

A

A long-term memory store for our knowledge of how to do things. We usually recall these memories without making a conscious or deliberate effort

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33
Q

Endel Tulving (1985)

A

j

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34
Q

HM and Clive Wearing (case studies)

A

j

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35
Q

Randy Buckner and Steven Petersen (1996)

A
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36
Q

Tuvling et al (1994)

A
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37
Q

Sylvie Belleville et al (2006)

A

j

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38
Q

Working memory model

A

An explanation that sees short-term memory as an active store holding several pieces of information simultaneously

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39
Q

Central executive (CE)

A

Component of the WMM that oversees and co-ordinates the components of working memory

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40
Q

Phonological loop (PL)

A

Component of the WMM that deals with auditory information

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41
Q

Visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSS)

A

Component of the WMM that deals with visual information and the physical relationship of items

42
Q

Episodic buffer (EB)

A

Serves as a temporary store of integrated information from the central executive, phonological loop, visa-spatial sketchpad and LTM

43
Q

Primary acoustic store (PAS)

A

Part of the phonological loop, stores words heard

44
Q

Articulatory process (AP)

A

Part of the phonological acoustic store, allows sub-vocal repetition of information within the store

45
Q

Visual cache (VC)

A

Part of the VSS, stores information about form and colour

46
Q

Inner scribe

A

Part of the VSS, stores information about the physical relationships of item

47
Q

Episodic memory (EM)

A

A form of LTM for events occurring in an individual’s life

48
Q

Semantic memory (SM)

A

A type of LTM for meanings, understandings and other concept-based knowledge

49
Q

Procedural memory (PM)

A

A type of LTM for the performance of particular types of action

50
Q

Baddely and Hitch (1974)

A

j

51
Q

Tim Shallice and Elizebeth Warrington (1970) KM

A

j

52
Q

Baddley (2000)

A

Episodic Buffer added to WMM

53
Q

Baddley et al (1975)

A

Dual task performance

54
Q

Forgetting

A

The failure to retrieve memories

55
Q

Interference theory (IT)

A

An explanation for forgetting when similar material is confused in recall from the LTM

56
Q

Proactive interference

A

A form of interference that occurs when past memories inhibit an individual’s full potential to retain new memories

57
Q

Proactive interference

A

A form of interference that occurs when past memories inhibit an individual’s full potential to retain new memories

58
Q

Retroactive interference

A

A form of interference that occurs when newly learned information interferes with the recall of previously learned information

59
Q

John McGeoch and William Mcdonald (1931)

A

J

60
Q

Baddley and Hitch (1977)

A

Rugby players

61
Q

Tulving and Psotka (1971)

A

j

62
Q

Coenen and Van Luijtelaar (1997)

A

j

63
Q

Retrieval failure

A

An explanation for forgetting when material is stored in the LTM but cannot be consciously recalled as a result of a lack of retrieval cues

64
Q

Cue

A

A ‘trigger’ of information that allows us to access a memory

65
Q

Cue-dependent forgetting (CDF)

A

A type of forgetting based upon a failure to retrieve the prompts that trigger recall

66
Q

Context-dependent failure

A

A form of CDF where recall occurs in a different external setting to coding

67
Q

State-dependent failure

A

A form of CDF where recall occurs in a different internal setting to coding

68
Q

Trace decay

A

An explanation of forgetting that sees physical tract (engrams) of memories fading over time

69
Q

Displacement

A

An explanation of forgetting that sees the limited capacity of the short-term memory store resulting in new information replacing old information

70
Q

Repression

A

The placing of traumatic memories into the unconscious mind in order to reduce the anxiety they can produce

71
Q

Tulving (1983)

A

j

72
Q

Godden and Baddley (1975)

A

j

73
Q

Carter and Cassaday (1998)

A

j

74
Q

Godden and Baddley (1980) replication of (1975)

A

j

75
Q

Eyewitness testimony (EWT)

A

Evidence provided by those recalling an event who were present when the event took place

76
Q

Schema

A

A readiness to interpret sensory information in a pre-set manner

77
Q

Misleading information

A

Information that suggests a desired response

78
Q

Leading questions

A

Questions that prompt or encourage required responses

79
Q

Post-event discussion (PED)

A

Information added to a memory after the event has occured

80
Q

Loftus and Palmer (1974)

A

j

81
Q

Gabert et al (2003)

A

j

82
Q

Foster et al (1994)

A

j

83
Q

Sutherland and Hayne (2001)

A

j

84
Q

Skagerberg and Wright (2008)

A

j

85
Q

Anxiety

A

An unpleasant state of emotional arousal that can affect the memory of events experienced

86
Q

Johnson and Scott (1976)

A

j

87
Q

Yuille and Cutshall (1986)

A

j

88
Q

Yerkes and Dodson (1908)

A

j

89
Q

Valentine and Mesout (2009)

A

j

90
Q

Christianson and Hubinette (1993)

A

j

91
Q

Cognitive interview

A

Report everything, Context, Reverse order and Different POV

92
Q

Standard police interview

A

The established method of police questioning

93
Q

Enhanced cognitive interview

A

An advanced method of questioning witnesses that overcomes problems caused by inappropriate sequencing of questions

94
Q

Modified cognitive interview

A

An amended for of the cognitive interview

95
Q

Mnemonics

A

Techniques that promote memory recall

96
Q

Active processing

A

Subjecting information to deep and meaningful analysis

97
Q

Fisher and Geisleman (1992)

A
98
Q

Fisher et al (1987)

A

Developed some additional element to the CI, focussing on socail dynamics.

99
Q

Kohnken et al (1999)

A

J

100
Q

Milne and Bull (2002)

A

j

101
Q

Kebbel and Wagstaff (1997)

A

j

A level - Psychology (8 decks)

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