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A level - Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Multi Store model

A

An explanation of memory that sees information flowing through a series of storage systems

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2
Q

Coding

A

The means by which information is represented in memory

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3
Q

Capacity

A

The amount of information that can be stored at a given time

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4
Q

Duration

A

The length of time information remains within storage

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5
Q

Memory

A

The means by which the mind stores and retrieves information and events experienced

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6
Q

Sensory register (SR)

A

A short-duration store holding impressions of information received by the senses

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7
Q

Short-term memory (STM)

A

A temporary store holding small amounts of information for brief periods

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8
Q

Long-term memory (LTM)

A

A permanent store holding limitless amounts of information for long periods

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9
Q

Coding in SR

A

Information is stored in a raw, unprocessed form, Information that is paid attention to passes on to the STM.

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10
Q

Capacity in SR

A

The capacity of each sensory memory store is very small, with the information contained being in a processed, highly detailed and ever-changing format.

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11
Q

Duration in SR

A

All sensory memory stores have limited duration, though the actual duration of each store in not constant.

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12
Q

Coding in STM

A

Visually, Acoustically or Semantically

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13
Q

Capacity of STM

A

Limited capacity, between five and nine items can be held (7+-2), can be increased by chunking letters

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14
Q

Duration of STM

A

Information remains in STM for 18-30 seconds, increased by rehearsal

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15
Q

Coding of LTM

A

Coding is stronger and much deeper, verbal material is mainly semantic, as well as visual and acoustic code

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16
Q

Capacity of LTM

A

Potential capacity is unlimited, information may be lost due to decay and interference

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17
Q

Duration of LTM

A

Depends on an individuals lifespan, as memories can last a lifetime

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18
Q

Visually

A

By thinking of the image of a platypus

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19
Q

Acoustically

A

By repeatedly saying ‘platypus’

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20
Q

Semantically

A

By using a knowledge of platypuses, such as their being venomous egg-laying aquatic marsupials that hunt prey through electrolocation

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21
Q

Chunking

A

Method of increasing STM capacity by grouping information into larger units

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22
Q

Retrieval

A

The recall of stored memories

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23
Q

Joseph Jacobs (1887)

A

j

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24
Q

Alan Baddeley (1966)

A

j

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25
George Miller (1956)
j
26
Margret and Lloyd Peterson (1959)
j
27
Harry Bahrick et al (1975)
j
28
Tim Shallice and Elizabeth Warrington (1970) KM
j
29
Fergus Craik and Michael Watkins (1973)
j
30
Episodic memory
A long-term memory store for personal events. Memories from this store have to be retrieved consciously and with effort
31
Semantic memory
A long-term memory store from our knowledge of the world. These memories usually also need to be recalled deliberately
32
Procedural memory
A long-term memory store for our knowledge of how to do things. We usually recall these memories without making a conscious or deliberate effort
33
Endel Tulving (1985)
j
34
HM and Clive Wearing (case studies)
j
35
Randy Buckner and Steven Petersen (1996)
36
Tuvling et al (1994)
37
Sylvie Belleville et al (2006)
j
38
Working memory model
An explanation that sees short-term memory as an active store holding several pieces of information simultaneously
39
Central executive (CE)
Component of the WMM that oversees and co-ordinates the components of working memory
40
Phonological loop (PL)
Component of the WMM that deals with auditory information
41
Visuo-spatial sketchpad (VSS)
Component of the WMM that deals with visual information and the physical relationship of items
42
Episodic buffer (EB)
Serves as a temporary store of integrated information from the central executive, phonological loop, visa-spatial sketchpad and LTM
43
Primary acoustic store (PAS)
Part of the phonological loop, stores words heard
44
Articulatory process (AP)
Part of the phonological acoustic store, allows sub-vocal repetition of information within the store
45
Visual cache (VC)
Part of the VSS, stores information about form and colour
46
Inner scribe
Part of the VSS, stores information about the physical relationships of item
47
Episodic memory (EM)
A form of LTM for events occurring in an individual's life
48
Semantic memory (SM)
A type of LTM for meanings, understandings and other concept-based knowledge
49
Procedural memory (PM)
A type of LTM for the performance of particular types of action
50
Baddely and Hitch (1974)
j
51
Tim Shallice and Elizebeth Warrington (1970) KM
j
52
Baddley (2000)
Episodic Buffer added to WMM
53
Baddley et al (1975)
Dual task performance
54
Forgetting
The failure to retrieve memories
55
Interference theory (IT)
An explanation for forgetting when similar material is confused in recall from the LTM
56
Proactive interference
A form of interference that occurs when past memories inhibit an individual's full potential to retain new memories
57
Proactive interference
A form of interference that occurs when past memories inhibit an individual's full potential to retain new memories
58
Retroactive interference
A form of interference that occurs when newly learned information interferes with the recall of previously learned information
59
John McGeoch and William Mcdonald (1931)
J
60
Baddley and Hitch (1977)
Rugby players
61
Tulving and Psotka (1971)
j
62
Coenen and Van Luijtelaar (1997)
j
63
Retrieval failure
An explanation for forgetting when material is stored in the LTM but cannot be consciously recalled as a result of a lack of retrieval cues
64
Cue
A 'trigger' of information that allows us to access a memory
65
Cue-dependent forgetting (CDF)
A type of forgetting based upon a failure to retrieve the prompts that trigger recall
66
Context-dependent failure
A form of CDF where recall occurs in a different external setting to coding
67
State-dependent failure
A form of CDF where recall occurs in a different internal setting to coding
68
Trace decay
An explanation of forgetting that sees physical tract (engrams) of memories fading over time
69
Displacement
An explanation of forgetting that sees the limited capacity of the short-term memory store resulting in new information replacing old information
70
Repression
The placing of traumatic memories into the unconscious mind in order to reduce the anxiety they can produce
71
Tulving (1983)
j
72
Godden and Baddley (1975)
j
73
Carter and Cassaday (1998)
j
74
Godden and Baddley (1980) replication of (1975)
j
75
Eyewitness testimony (EWT)
Evidence provided by those recalling an event who were present when the event took place
76
Schema
A readiness to interpret sensory information in a pre-set manner
77
Misleading information
Information that suggests a desired response
78
Leading questions
Questions that prompt or encourage required responses
79
Post-event discussion (PED)
Information added to a memory after the event has occured
80
Loftus and Palmer (1974)
j
81
Gabert et al (2003)
j
82
Foster et al (1994)
j
83
Sutherland and Hayne (2001)
j
84
Skagerberg and Wright (2008)
j
85
Anxiety
An unpleasant state of emotional arousal that can affect the memory of events experienced
86
Johnson and Scott (1976)
j
87
Yuille and Cutshall (1986)
j
88
Yerkes and Dodson (1908)
j
89
Valentine and Mesout (2009)
j
90
Christianson and Hubinette (1993)
j
91
Cognitive interview
Report everything, Context, Reverse order and Different POV
92
Standard police interview
The established method of police questioning
93
Enhanced cognitive interview
An advanced method of questioning witnesses that overcomes problems caused by inappropriate sequencing of questions
94
Modified cognitive interview
An amended for of the cognitive interview
95
Mnemonics
Techniques that promote memory recall
96
Active processing
Subjecting information to deep and meaningful analysis
97
Fisher and Geisleman (1992)
98
Fisher et al (1987)
Developed some additional element to the CI, focussing on socail dynamics.
99
Kohnken et al (1999)
J
100
Milne and Bull (2002)
j
101
Kebbel and Wagstaff (1997)
j

A level - Psychology (8 decks)

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