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A level - Psychology > Approaches in Psychology > Flashcards

Approaches in Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Introspection

A

An early psychological approach favoured by Wundt that sought to understand the mind through examination of one’s own conscious thought processes

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2
Q

Psychology

A

The scientific study of the mind, behaviour and experience

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3
Q

Science

A

A means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigation

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4
Q

Wundt’s lab (1879)

A

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5
Q

Behaviourist approach

A

A means of understanding behaviour that focuses upon the effect of environmental stimuli upon observable responses through classical and operant conditioning

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6
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Type of learning where a response produced naturally by a certain stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus not normally associated with that particular response

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7
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A type of learning that occurs through the reinforcement or punishment of the consequences of an individual’s actions

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8
Q

Reinforcement

A

A consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated

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9
Q

Stimulus genrealisation

A

When a stimulus becomes generalised to other related stimuli which are also associated with the conditioned response

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10
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

When a stimulus is not associated with the conditioned response as it too different from the original stimulus

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11
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Where a behaviour is strengthened and thus is likely to recur due to positive consequences of that behaviour

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12
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Where a behaviour is strengthened and thus is likely to recur due to avoidance of negative consequences of that behaviour

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13
Q

Punishment

A

Where a behaviour is less likely to recur due to negative consequences of that behaviour

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14
Q

John B. Watson (1913)

A

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15
Q

Ivan Pavlov (1927)

A

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16
Q

B.F. Skinner (1953)

A

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17
Q

Social learning theory

A

A type of learning based upon the observation and imitation of models seen to be vicariously reinforced

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18
Q

Imitation

A

Copying the behaviour of others

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19
Q

Identification

A

When an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the role model

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20
Q

Modelling

A

The imitation of behaviour demonstrated by someone influential to an individual observing the behaviour

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21
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

A reinforcement seen to be gained by a person modelling a behaviour

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22
Q

Mediational processes

A

Cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response

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23
Q

Albert Bandura (1961)

A

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24
Q

Albert Bandura (1977)

A

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25
Q

Cognitive approach

A

A means of understanding the mind that focuses upon the idea that internal mental processes underpin behaviour

26
Q

Internal mental processes

A

The thought processes occurring in the mind between a stimulus and a response

27
Q

Schema

A

A collection of ideas about a person or situation formed through experience which helps the individual to understand and predict the world around them

28
Q

Inference

A

The process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusion about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour

29
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

The scientific study of those biological structures that underpin cognitive processes

30
Q

Biological approach

A

A means of understanding mind and behaviour focused upon the physiological mechanisms of the body, such as genetics, neurochemical imbalances or Brian abnormalities

31
Q

Genes

A

Specific sequences of nucleotides in DNA or RNA transmitted by inheritance from one generation to another

32
Q

Biological structure

A

The physiological structures within an individual’s body that are seen as integrating with each other to produce one’s characteristics and behaviour

33
Q

Neurochemistry

A

The biochemistry of the central nervous system consisting of the transmission of neurotransmitters

34
Q

Genotype

A

The inherited behavioural potential of an individual; their genetic make-up

35
Q

Phenotype

A

The characteristics and behaviours exhibited by an individual, which occur due to an interaction between their genes and environment

36
Q

Evolution

A

A biological process where genes that increase survival chances become more widespread in a population through a process of natural selection

37
Q

Charles Darwin (19th century)

A

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38
Q

Neuron

A

The basic building blocks of the nervous system, neurons are nerve cells that process and transmit messages through electrical and chemical signals

39
Q

Sensory neurons

A

These carry messages from the PNS to the CNS

40
Q

Relay neurons

A

These connect the sensory neurons to the motor or other relay neurons

41
Q

Motor neurons

A

These connect the CNS to effectors such as muscles and glands

42
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

The process by which neighbouring neurons communicate with each other by sending chemical messages across the synapse that separates them

43
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Brain chemicals released from synapse vesicles that relay signals across the synapse from one neutron to another

44
Q

Exictation

A

When a neurotransmitter increases the positive charge of the postsynaptic neuron

45
Q

Inhibition

A

When a neurotransmitter, increases the negative charge of the postsynaptic neuron

46
Q

Psychodynamic approach

A

A means of understanding mind and behaviour that sees unconscious psychological processes and childhood experiences as shaping adult personality and behaviour

47
Q

Unconscious mind

A

The thoughts that occur without any conscious awarness

48
Q

Pre-conscious mind

A

The thoughts that occur just out of conscious awareness

49
Q

Id

A

The selfish, irrational, pleasure-seeking component of personality

50
Q

Ego

A

The rational, realistic component of personality that seeks to balance the unrealistic and opposite demands of the id and superego

51
Q

Superego

A

The irrational, moralistic part of personality that acts as one’s conscience

52
Q

Defence mechanisms

A

Stratigies used to reduce anxiety, such as repression, denial and displacement

53
Q

Repression

A

Highly emotional and unpleasant thoughts ar buried deep in the unconscious mind

54
Q

Displacement

A

A strong emotion is displaced from its target onto a neutral object or person

55
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

A series of stages all individuals progress through from birth to puberty, which shape adult personality

56
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

A series of stages all individuals progress through from birth to puberty, which shape adult personality

57
Q

Fixation

A

An obsessive point of focus that originates from an unresolved trauma occurring during psychosexual stages of development

58
Q

Sigmund Freud (

A

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A level - Psychology (8 decks)

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