Memorisation Flashcards
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when was the Russo-Japanese War?
1904-1905
When was the Potemkin Mutiny
June 1905
How many pro-Potemkin protesters did the tsar massacre?
2000
What is the quote regarding the monarchy’s position prior to the October manifesto?
Service observes that the “monarchy’s fate hung by a thread”
When did the Petrograd garrison deffect?
February 26, 1917
When was the June offensive?
June 18, 1917
How many Krondtadt sailors protested in the July days
20,000 sailors
How was the Krondstant uprising described by a historian?
Serge: “ghastly fratricide”
At the Constituent Assembly votes what percentage of votes did the Bolsheviks and SR’s gain
Bolsheviks=23.5%
SR’s = 52%
When were the Constituent assembly ellections?
12 November 1917
How did grain harvest improve following the NEP (amount + dates)
grain harvest (in millions of tonnes)
38 million 1921
77 million 1926
How did unemployment change in heavy industry following NEP
unemployment for workers in heavy industry rose to half a million by the end of 1922
How was the NEP described by a historian?
Hill: “breathing space”
What was the representation like in the Provisional government?
60 000 peasant votes was only worth 230 landowners
What was said about the fundamental laws/ October Manifesto
Trotsky: “a constitution is given… autocrasy remains”
How long did the first Duma last for?
it was dissolved after 73 days
When did Nicholas become C-in-C
22nd August 1915
during the Great retreat
When was the ministerial leapfrog
September 1915 to February 1917
How many ministers were replaced during the ministerial leapfrog?
26
What was said in reguards to the Tsar not taking on the progressive bloc?/ Rasputins allowed corruption
Miliukov: “Is this stupidity? Or is this treason?”
What ratio of Duma deputies supported the progressive Bloc?
236/422
When was the first 5 year plan? For china
1 october 1953
What were the statistics for the outcomes of the first 5 year plan- overall + coal
Coal:66 million tonnes 1952 –> 130 million tonnes 1957
10-16% increase in overall production
How many soviet advisors came in because of the first 5 year plan?
10k
How many industrial enterprises were constructed in the first 5 year plan?
700
When was the eight party congress?
When Mao Zedong moved into the 2nd line of leadership
September 1956
During the Cultural Revolution + Dates, how much of the party was purged?
70-80% of the Party was purged since 1966
How many people died in the cultural revolution
2-6 million
How many portrates of Mao were produced during the cultural revolution?
2.2 Billion
When was the Zunyi Conference?
Long march
15 Jan 1935
How much was the GMD taxing peasants in the second sino-jap war
up to 70-90% crop value
When was the Henan Famine
1942-43
How many people died in the Henan famine
2-3 million
How many soldiers died in the GMD army from preventable causes
up to 1.5 million die from hunger, thirst/ disease (around 50%)
treated very poorly
How many people drowned after the yellow river dykes were blown up
500,000
what was said about the GMD’s capability to deal with challenges after 2nd sino-jap war
manifestly incapable (Hsu)
In Tsarist Russia, what percentage of nobles were there to land they owned?
1% of the Pop
25% Land
When were the Years of the Red Cockerel?
1903-1904
Under Tsarist Russia, before the October manifesto how many times did the Tsar use force to suppress Peasant uprisings?
2700
When was Stolypins Agrarian Reform act?
November 1906
What percentage of peasants could benifet from Stolypins agrarian Reform act?
10%
How long was stolypins agrarian reform act?
5 years
How many people did Stlypin get hangged +years?
1906-1911 around 15k
When was the Bolsheviks Decree on Land
22 October 1917
When was the Bolsheviks Decree on Red Terror
5 September 1918
When was Lenins Hanging order
8 Aug 1918
How many people did Lenin hang + what region as a result of his hanging order?
100 dissident peasants in Penza
How many peasants under Bolshvism were executed following the Tambov Rebellion in the civil war?
15k
How many people died because of the 1921 Famine?
5 million
When was the Scissor crisis?
1923
How many strikes were met with violence before the 1905 in Tsarist Russia? + dates
522 strikes met with violence by 1902
How many people were killed/ wonded in Bloody sunday + reported numbers at the time?
approx 200 killed + 800 wounded
at time ppl thought 4600 killed
When was the Lena Goldfields massacre?
12 April 1912
How many people went on strike at the Lena Goldfields massacre?
6000 on strike
How many workers were shot/ killed at the Lena Goldfields massacre?
500 shot
250 killed
When was he decree on the 8 hour work day under Bolshevism?
29 October 1917
When was the workers control decree?
14 November 1917
During the bolshevik civil war how many workers were killed at the Putilov Steelworks?
200
Under war communism how did the working population fall? + years
2.6 million 1917
1.2 million 1920
Political Conditions in Tsarist Russia interp.
“Russian Empire was deeply fissured between the government and the Tsar’s subjects” (Service)
Russo Japanese War -interp
“made Tsarism totter” (Trotsky)
Significance of 1905 Revolution / October Manifesto -interp
“unsatisfactory to all those concerned” (Fitzpatrick)
Impact of Rasputin -interp
“**Symptom **of the fatal disease” (Lynch)
“power to mobilise an angry public against the monarchy” (Figes)
Response of Liberals -interp
“Liberals were patriots who objected to the Tsarist regime not because it was fighting an unjust war, but because it was **not committed to winning **it” (McMeekin)
World War One and February Revolution
-interp
“the Tsarist system proved much too rigid and unwieldly” (Figes)
Impact of April Theses -interp
x2
“Tailoring the Bolshevik programme so that it would reflect popular aspirations was one of Lenin’s most important contributions to the development of the revolution” (Rabinowitch)
“The Bolsheviks’ strength was that they were the only party uncompromised by association with the bourgeoisie and the February Regime” (Fitzpatrick)
Impact of Miliukov’s Note interp
“a marvellous opportunity to discredit the Provisional Government … by showing that the government continued to pursue imperialist aims” (White)
Impact of July Days interp
“the experience of July, though traumatic, was highly instructive” (White)
Support for Bolsheviks- interp prior to oct rev
“became a political alternative for the disappointed and disenchanted” (Wade)
Impact of Lenin-interp causes October
“Lenin was undeniably the inspiration behind the October Revolution” (Lynch)
Impact of Trotsky -oct
“Trotsky was indisputably the executive figure who organised the actual rising” (Lynch)
October Revolution -interp
“the Bolsheviks were pushing against an already open door” (Lynch)
Russo-Japanese War- why wanted persp.
“a little victorious war to stem the tide of revolution” (Plehv, Interior Minister)
October Manifesto - nicholas view
“like a **nightmare **to me” (Nicholas II)
Perspectives
Duma
“I created the Duma, not to be directed by it but to be advised” (Nicholas II)
Perspectives
Ministerial Leapfrog
“the Russian empire is run by lunatics” (Paleolgue, French ambassador)
Perspectives
Dual Authority
“The Soviet had power without authority; the Provisional Government had authority without power” (Kerensky)
Interpretations
Early Bolshevik Rule - decrees
Decrees “were designed to inspire, to excite and to instigate” (Service)
Interpretations
Significance of Dissolution of Constituent Assembly
“The machine gun became … the principle instrument of political persuasion” (Pipes)
Interpretations
Reasons for Bolshevik Success in Civil War
Bolsheviks “had geography on their side” (Service)
Interpretations
Impact of Civil War on Bolsheviks
“created a tradition of military obedience and loyalty” (Lynch)
Interpretations
Bolshevik Use of Terror
“believed that over-killing was better than the risk of being overthrown” (Service)
Interpretations
War Communism
“a leap into socialism” (McCauley)
Interpretations
Great Famine of 1921
“a problem which, for the first time, they could not solve with resort to force” (Heller)
Interpretations
New Economic Policy
x2
“a leap out of socialism” (McCauley)
“New Exploitation of the Proletariat” (Figes)
Interpretations
Show Trials
“polished, political production” (Ryan)
Interpretations
Use of Propaganda
“surrogate reality” (Ryan)
Interpretations
On Party Unity
“the logical climax of the policy… of **suppressing all opposition **to Bolshevik rule” (Lynch)
Interpretations
Failure of Revolution
“a monumental failure: it succeed in one thing only – staying in power” (Pipes)
Perspectives
Dissolution of Constituent Assembly
“nothing in the world will make us give up Soviet power” (Lenin)
Perspectives
Red Terror
“We are **exterminating the bourgeoisie **as a class” (Latsis, Cheka deputy)
Perspectives
Execution of the Tsar
“needed not only to **frighten, horrify **and instil a sense of hopelessness in the enemy, but also to shake up our own ranks, to show that there was no retreating” (Trotsky)
Perspectives
War Communism
x2
“A deserter from labour is as contemptible and despicable as a deserter from the battlefield” (Trotsky)
“He who does not work, neither shall he eat” (Lenin)
Perspectives
Kronstadt Revolt
Kronstadt sailors were “the pride and glory of the revolution… the reddest of the red” (Trotsky)
“the flash that lit up reality better than anything else” (Lenin)
Perspectives
On Party Unity
“all members of the Russian Communist Party who are in the slightest degree suspicious or unreliable… should be got rid of” (Lenin)
Interpretations
Republic of China
“[Yuan] had no vision of a new system” (Fairbank)
Interpretations
New Culture Movement
“intellectually and socially one of the most promising and exciting times in Chinese history” (Mitter)
Interpretations
Jiangxi Soviet
“Social laboratory” (Davin)
Interpretations
Nanjing Decade
“the unification achieved in this decade was more apparent than real” (Bianco)
Interpretations
New Life Movement
Achieved little “other than intruding into people’s personal lives” (Ryan)
Interpretations
Weaknesses of Nationalist Government
“the government was ‘strong on the outside but weak on the inside’” (Hsu)
Interpretations
Long March
x2
“a true story exploited for propaganda purposes” (Jocelyn)
“What began as a rout ended as a legend” (Lynch)
Interpretations
Sino Japanese War
“[CCP] was struggling for nationalist goals more vigorously and more competently than the GMD” (Moise)
interp flooding yellow river Jian Jeshi
Jiang’s effort to protect Wuhan was “one of the grossest acts of violence against its own people” (Mitter)
Interpretations
Civil War
“every… Nationalist military weakness was an area of Red Army strength” (Bianco)
Interpretations
Significance of Yanan
“would **reinforce many of the ideals **that became fundamental to the Chinese Communists” (Ryan)
Interpretations
Peasants and Land Reform
“Peasants… were wedded to the new revolutionary order” (Short)
Interpretations
Mass Campaigns
“the CCP replaced its relatively pragmatic early approach with a renewed drive for revolution” (Fenby)
Interpretations
Thought Reform
“carefully cultivated Auschwitz of the mind” (Dikotter)
Interpretations
1st Five Year Plan
“a formidable achievement” (Spence)
Interpretations
Early Communist Rule
“guided by pragmatic considerations” (Moise)
Interpretations
Hundred Flowers Campaign
“started as an attempt to bridge the gap between the Party and the people… became a trap” (Short)
Interpretations
Great Leap Forward
“not based on sound economic analysis but from the air of a whim” (Lynch)
Interpretations
High Tide of Collectivisation
“electrifying effect” (Ryan)
Interpretations
Statistics in the Great Leap Forward
“disregard for reality” (Chang)
Interpretations
Three Bad Years’ Famine
“a Mao-made catastrophe” (Fairbank)
Interpretations
Cultural Revolution
“a campaign of cataclysmic proportions” (Ryan)
Interpretations
Red Guards
“Mao’s arse kickers” (Jocelyn)
Interpretations
Little Red Book
“a weapon of mass instruction” (Cook)
During World War one how were food supplies crippled in Petrograd and Moscow? Dates + percentages
By 1916 Petrograd and Moscow were only recieving 1/3 of their food/ fuel supply
average unskilled woker had their calorie intake decrease by 25%
Interpretation about women in china following rev.
“risen to the status of second-class citizens” (Dietrich)
When was the Marrage Law in China (consequences)
1950
In the 1954 Chinese constitution, what article enshrined womens rights
48
When was the all chinas womens federation established?
1949
How many people were in the all chinas womens federation?
76 million
Stats on CCP legitimacy through structure
Aimed to appeal to national unity by allowing 8 ‘democratic parties’ to govern alongside the CCP, with these groups holding **11/24 **ministerial position
maintained a vaneer of democracy
Taxes reformed to be fairer led to government revenue increasing by how much in china? + dates (CCP)
6.5b Yuan (1950) to 13.3b (1951)
Mass Campaign:
Suntan - The Three Antis –> how many party officials purged
1m members
Mass Campaign:
Wuhan - The Five Anties –> how many businessmen investigated and how many found guilty
450k businesses investigated → 340k found guilty of at least one anti
When did thought reform begin?
Sptember 1951
When was the aggrarian Reform Law? (Fanshen)
28 June 1950
