4.1 - Causes of Chinese Revolution INTERPRETATIONS Flashcards

1
Q

Interpretations
Republic of China
x4

A
  • “The true face of the 1911 Revolution belonged to Yuan Shikai, not Sun Yat-sen.” (Zarrow)
  • “a most radical step… wildly idealistic, unpractical and reckless.” (Fitzgerald)
  • “[Yuan] had no vision of a new system” (Fairbank)
  • “brought a ray of light into the age-long darkness of China, but for a short time only” (Wu)
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2
Q

Interpretations
Yuan as Emperor
x2

A
  • “Aroused fiercer and more determined opposition” (Lynch)
  • The presidency had become a military dictatorship” (Mühlhahn)
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3
Q

Interpretations
May 30 Incident
x1

A
  • “helped usher in a new hope for social mobilisation and revolutionary upsurge” (Karl)
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4
Q

Interpretations
New Culture Movement
x1

A
  • “intellectually and socially one of the most promising and exciting times in Chinese history” (Mitter)
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5
Q

Interpretations
May 4th Movement
x4

A
  • “indicated the beginning of a credible and important nationalist movement” (Short)
  • “yearning for national renewal” (Short)
  • “a sense of real and impending crisis; a combination of a plurality of ideas aimed at ‘saving the nation’” (Miter)
  • “Chinese students and intellectuals… turned even more eagerly to revolutionary theory” (Lynch)
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6
Q

Interpretations
Shanghai Massacre
x2

A
  • “a bloodbath that virtually destroyed both the CCP and the worker’s movement in China’s largest city” (Meisner)
  • “an orgy of counter-revolutionary violence” (Meisner)
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7
Q

Interpretations
Jiangxi Soviet
x2

A
  • “Social laboratory” (Davin)
  • “first opportunity to test [the Communists’] ability to govern” (Shiping)
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8
Q

Interpretations
Nanjing Decade
x3

A
  • “the unification achieved in this decade was more apparent than real” (Bianco)
  • “stunning accomplishments from a position of unenviable weakness” (Kirby)
  • “in every respect China… was solving her problems, at least on an experimental scale” (Gray)
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9
Q

Interpretations
Jiang and Fascism
x2

A
  • “wonderful medicine exactly suited to China” (Ebrey)
  • “a regime Fascist in every quality except efficiency” (Fitzgerald)
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10
Q

Interpretations
New Life Movement
x2

A
  • Aimed to “create a citizenry that was self-aware, politically conscious, and committed to the nation” (Mitter)
  • Achieved little “other than intruding into people’s personal lives” (Ryan)
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11
Q

Interpretations
Weaknesses of Nationalist Government
x2

A
  • “the government was ‘strong on the outside but weak on the inside’” (Hsu)
  • “fundamental problems of social and economic injustices and the chronic ill of deficit spending” (Hsu)
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12
Q

Interpretations
Long March
x7

A
  • “What began as a rout ended as a legend” (Lynch)
  • “later presented as a great achievement in Communist history, was a nightmare of death and pain while it was in progress” (Spence)
  • “a true story exploited for propaganda purposes” (Jocelyn)
  • “contributed enormously to the perception of [Mao] as a man of destiny” (Meisner)
  • “dazzling, pyrotechnic display of mobile warfare… that left pursuing enemies confused” (Short)
  • “the biggest armed propaganda tour in history… millions of peasants… are no longer afraid of [the Red Army]” (Snow)
  • “Mao was the prophet who had led survivors through the wilderness” (Meisner)
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13
Q

Interpretations
Sino Japanese War
x6

A
  • “[the Nanjing Government’s] fate was determined… by the menace of Japanese imperialism” (Fairbank)
  • “Chinese armies overall were ineffective. For all the bravery of their defence of Shanghai, the Nationalists lost many of their best troops” (Zarrow)
  • “Jiang was double-dealing on a colossal scale” (Rooney)
  • “[CCP] was struggling for nationalist goals more vigorously and more competently than the GMD” (Moise)
  • “It was the Communist armies which impressed the Chinese public” (Gray)
  • Jiang’s effort to protect Wuhan was “one of the grossest acts of violence against its own people” (Mitter)
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14
Q

Interpretations
Civil War
x4

A
  • Nationalists “specialise in keeping land and losing men” (Ryan)
  • “every… Nationalist military weakness was an area of Red Army strength” (Bianco)
  • “people’s war” (Chesneaut)
  • “Conscription [to the CCP]… was an honour in Liberated Areas” (Bianco)
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15
Q

Interpretations
Significance of Yanan
x2

A
  • “would reinforce many of the ideals that became fundamental to the Chinese Communists” (Ryan)
  • “Mao’s capital” (Chang and Halliday)
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16
Q

Interpretations
Success of CCP in Revolution
x1

A
  • “The Nationalist revolution failed because it did not aspire to fundamental social change” (Mackerras)
17
Q

Interpretations
GMD Leadership Struggle
x2

A
  • [The left faction of the GMD] “remained a house divided against itself” (Helmut)
  • [Jiang’s decision to travel to Japan] “cleared the way for his rivals to tear at each other’s throats” (Seagrave)