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Gen. Physiology - Midterms > Membrane Potential > Flashcards

Membrane Potential Flashcards

1
Q

Receive, process, and transmit information to other cells

A

Neurons

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2
Q

Part of the neuron that receives the signals from other neurons towards the cell body

A

Dendrites

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3
Q

Conducts the signal away from the cell body and carriers it for long distances with high fidelity and without loss

A

Axon

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4
Q

Contains all the necessary organelles for metabolic maintenance, the cell’s genetic information, and provides energy to drive activities.

A

Soma

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5
Q

Different types of neurons:

A
  1. Sensory or afferent
  2. Motor or efferent
  3. Interneuron
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6
Q

Neuron that send the synapse towards another neuron

A

Presynaptic cell

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7
Q

Neuron that receives the synapse from the presynaptic cell

A

Post-synaptic cell

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8
Q

The surface membrane of motor-neuron dendrites and soma:

A

Innervated

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9
Q

Part of the neuron that integrates input to initiate an action potential(AP)

A

Soma

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10
Q

Action potential is carried from the __________ to the ____________

A

Spike initiating zone, Axon terminal

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11
Q

The spike initiating zone is located near the _____________

A

Axon hillock

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12
Q

The difference in electrical potential across the cell membrane that is caused by the different concentration of ions on each side of the plasma membrane.

A

Membrane Potential

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13
Q

What is the membrane potential of neurons

A

-60 to -80 mV

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14
Q

Fundamental property of cells from an excess negative or positive charge on either side of the plasma

A

Membrane Potential

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15
Q

Electrical gradient that is more concentrated in the extracellular matrix

A

Cations(positive)

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16
Q

Electrical gradient that is more concentrated with the cells or the cytosolic space.

A

Anions(negative)

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17
Q

Every ________ has a voltage or membrane potential across its plasma membrane

A

Cell

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18
Q

Factors that create potential difference

A

A. Concentration gradient for an ion
B. Membrane that is permeable to that ion

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19
Q

What is the resting potential of a cell?

A

-70mV

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20
Q

Measures the membrane potential across the cell

A

Microelectrode

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21
Q

Movement of K+(potassium) in the cell

A

Outwards

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22
Q

Movement of Na+(Sodium) in the cell

A

Inwards

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23
Q

The state of equal anions and cations

A

Electroneutral

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24
Q

Potassium moves out of the cell along concentration gradient using:

A

Potassium Channel

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25
Q

Movement of potassium cations out of the cell results to:

A

Electronegativity inside of the cell

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26
Q

Movement of ions that causes inward and outward fluxes that exactly balance each other

A

Equilibrium potential

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27
Q

Represents the sum of the equilibrium potentials of all
the relevant ions and the influence of each ion over the overall membrane potential is proportional to its permeability.

A

Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation

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28
Q

The molecule that sets the resting membrane potential of neurons

A

Potassium

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29
Q

The principal element for intracellular cation

A

K+(potassium)

30
Q

Principal element for extracellular cation

A

Na+(sodium)

31
Q

Cations that maintains membrane potential

A

K+ and Na+

32
Q

Anions that maintain membrane potential

A

proteins, amino acids, sulfate, phosphate and Cl-

33
Q

Principal intracellular anions

A

proteins, amino acids, sulfate, and phosphate

34
Q

Principal extracellular anion

A

Cl- (chlorine)

35
Q

The concentration of K+ is greater on the inside the cell, while the Na+ concentration is greater outside the cell.

A

Chemical potential energy

36
Q

Uses ATP to maintain the K+ and Na+ gradients across the plasma membrane

A

Sodium-potassium pumps

37
Q

Converts chemical potential energy to electrical potential

A

opening of ion channels

38
Q

State of the neuron where it contains many open K+ channels and fewer open Na+ channels; K+ diffusion outside of the cell

A

Neuron at resting potential

39
Q

Channels that are always open which allows ions to diffuse across the plasma membrane

A

Non-gated ion channels

40
Q

Cells that can generate larges changes in their membrane potential

A

Excitable cells

41
Q

Channels that responds by opening or closing to a stimuli

A

Gated ion channels

42
Q

Types of gated ions

A
  1. Chemically-gated ion channels
  2. voltage-gated ion channels
43
Q

Channel that opens or closes in response to a chemical stimuli

A

Chemically-gated ion channels

44
Q

Channel that responses caused by stimuli generated by changes in membrane potential

A

Voltage-gated ion channels

45
Q

Changes that occurs in the membrane potential

A

Graded potentials

46
Q

Changes in the membrane potential gives rise to:

A

Nerve impulses

47
Q

The phenomena where the membrane potential becomes more negative

A

Hyperpolarization

48
Q

An occurrence where the membrane potential becomes less negative

A

Depolarization

49
Q

All or nothing depolarization

A

Action potential

50
Q

If the gradient potentials sum reaches -55mV that triggers an action potential

A

Threshold potential

51
Q

What is the threshold potential of the cell

A

-55mV

52
Q

Two gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels

A
  1. Closed activation gates
  2. Open inactivation gates
53
Q

Voltage-gated Na+ channel that close slowly in response to depolarization

A

Open inactivation gates

54
Q

Voltage-gated Na+ channels that open rapidly in response to depolarization

A

Close activation gates

55
Q

A period where no second action potential can be initiated

A

Refractory period

56
Q

Stages of Action potential

A
  1. Resting stage
  2. Depolarization
  3. Rising Phase
  4. Falling phase
  5. Undershoot
57
Q

Refractory period occurs due to:

A

Inactivation of Na+ channels

58
Q

Movement of impulse are faster on myelinated neurons is caused by:

A

Saltatory conduction

59
Q

Depolarized regions of the axon (unmyelinated regions)

A

nodes of Ranvier

60
Q

Action potential that travels directly from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic cells via gap junctions

A

Electrical Synapses

61
Q

Synapses received by chemically-gated channels for ions such as Na+, K+, and Cl-

A

Chemical Synapses

62
Q

A region where neurons nearly touch and where nerve impulses are transferred

A

Synapse

63
Q

Small gap between neurons

A

Synaptic cleft

64
Q

Transmission across the synapse is carried out by:

A

Neurotransmitters

65
Q

Formation of myelin sheath around a nerve

A

Myelination

66
Q

Diameter of an axon

A

One(1) micrometer

67
Q

Affect how false the impulses move

A

Temperature

68
Q

Velocity of an impulse propagation varies as a function of:

A

Axon diameter and myelination

69
Q

How fast the membrane ahead of the active region is brought to threshold by the local-circuit current

A

Conduction velocity of action potential

70
Q

Increase the transmembrane resistance and decrease the effective neuronal membrane capacitance

A

Myelination

71
Q

The greater the length constant;

A

The faster the conduction of action potential

72
Q

Less capitative current is required to change the Vm; more charge can flow down the axon to depolarize the next segment

A

Capacitance decrease

Gen. Physiology - Midterms (7 decks)

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