Chemical Signals in Animals

Question 1

Regulatory systems in the body that maintains homeostasis

Answer 1

Nervous and Endocrine system

Question 2

Chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body.

Answer 2

Animal Hormones

Question 3

Cells that are equipped to respond to the hormone signals

Answer 3

Target Cells

Question 4

Two types of gland in the vertebrate endocrine system

Answer 4

Exocrine and Endocrine glands

Question 5

Secretes chemical into ducts and the effect happens where the duct empties (e.g. sweat glands, tear ducts)

Answer 5

Exocrine glands

Question 6

Secretes chemical messengers into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the animals body and bind to specific hormone receptors.

Answer 6

Endocrine glands

Question 7

Human development are regulated by various _______________

Answer 7

Signaling pathways

Question 8

These are responsible for activating the signaling pathways

Answer 8

Specific chemical signaling molecules

Question 9

They are the only ones responding to a specific hormones, chemical signals, and other signaling molecules that binds to their receptor protein.

Answer 9

Target Cells

Question 10

Types of Intercellular Communication

Answer 10

1. Endocrine Signaling
2. Paracrine Signaling
3. Direct Signaling

Question 11

Signaling that secretes molecules that diffuse to the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body.

Answer 11

Endocrine Signaling

Question 12

A subclass of Endocrine signaling where it is the neurosecretory cell that diffuses neurohormones to the bloodstream and trigger responses

Answer 12

Neuroendocrine Signaling

Question 13

Signaling molecules that are secreted diffuse locally and triggers response from neighboring cells. Quick response

Answer 13

Paracrine Signaling

Question 14

A paracrine signaling subclass where the locally secreted molecules trigger a response directly to the cell that secrete them.

Answer 14

Autocrine Signaling

Question 15

A subclass paracrine signaling where neurotransmitters are diffused by neurons diffuse across synapses and trigger responses from target cells.

Answer 15

Synaptic Signaling/Neuronal Signaling

Question 16

Signaling by direct contact of target cells, interacting by either membrane proteins on two different cells or through special cell-cell junctions

Answer 16

Direct Signaling

Question 17

Three(3) types of Direct Signaling

Answer 17

Juxtacrine Signaling, Gap Junction, Plasmodesmata Signaling (plants)

Question 18

Different types of secreted chemical signals

Answer 18

1. Local regulators
2. Neurotransmitters
3. Neurohormones
4. Pheromones
5. Hormones

Question 19

Chemical signal that travel over a short distance by diffusion. Regulates the blood pressure, nervous system function, and reproduction

Answer 19

Local Regulators

Question 20

Two types of local regulator chemical signals

Answer 20

Paracrine and Autocrine

Question 21

Local Regulator that are made up of proteins and polypeptides that stimulate cell proliferation

Answer 21

Growth Factors

Question 22

Plays a role in the body’s immune system response

Answer 22

Cytokines

Question 23

A neurotransmitter that is secreted by white blood cells to kill bacteria and cancer cells. Also dilates the walls of blood vessel when secreted by endothelial cells.

Answer 23

Nitrous Oxide

Question 24

Secretes nitrous oxide to kill bacteria and cancer cells

Answer 24

White Blood Cells

Question 25

When secreted by __________, nitrous oxides acts to dilate the walls of the blood vessels

Answer 25

Endothelial cells

Question 26

Erection of the penis happens when nitrous oxide is released in the ___________________

Answer 26

corpus cavernosum

Question 27

Enhances the effects of nitrous oxide in penis erection by inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5)

Answer 27

Sildenafil(Viagra)

Question 28

Responsible for the degradation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum where nitrous oxide is released for penis erection.

Answer 28

Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5)

Question 29

A local regulator made of modified fatty acids that are secreted by the placenta to stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth. It also promotes fever and inflammation to intensify the pain and regulate aggregation of platelets.

Answer 29

Prostaglandins

Question 30

Secreted by the neurons at many synapses and diffuse at very short distances. Plays a role in sensation, memory, cognition, and movement

Answer 30

Neurotransmitters

Question 31

Neurotransmitter that is responsible for muscle contraction

Answer 31

Acetylcholine(ACh)

Question 32

Secreted by the neurosecretory cells that diffuse from their nerve endings towards the bloodstream.

Answer 32

Neurohormones

Question 33

A type of neurohormone that increases the water permeability of kidney's collecting ducts and causes vasoconstriction

Answer 33

ADH(vasopressin)

Question 34

Chemical signals that are released from the body and used to communicate with other individuals in the species.

Answer 34

Pheromones

Question 35

Chemicals that transfer information and instructions between cells in animals and plants. Body's chemical messengers that regulates: growth and development, function of various tissues, support reproductive functions, and regulates metabolism. Slow acting but long lasting.

Answer 35

Hormones

Question 36

Chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body

Answer 36

Animal Hormones

Question 37

Two types of feedback regulation

Answer 37

Positive and Negative Feedback

Question 38

Inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus, thus preventing excessive pathway activity

Answer 38

Negative Feedback

Question 39

Reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater response.

Answer 39

Positive Feedback

Question 40

Effects of hormone may be affected by:

Answer 40

1. Different hormone receptor 2. Different signaling transduction pathways 3. Different proteins that carry out the response

Question 41

Different ______________ pathways in different cells can lead to different responses to the same signal.

Answer 41

Signal-transduction pathways

Question 42

Chemical classes of hormones

Answer 42

1. Polypeptides 2. Amines derived from amino acids 3. Steroid hormones

Question 43

Water-soluble hormones

Answer 43

polypeptides and amines

Question 44

Lipid-soluble hormones

Answer 44

Steroid Hormones

Question 45

Hormones that are secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors

Answer 45

Water-Soluble hormones

Question 46

Triggers the release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes and result in the release of glucose into the bloodstream.

Answer 46

Epinephrine

Question 47

Hormones that diffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins, and diffuse through the nuclear membrane of target cells.

Answer 47

Lipid-soluble hormones

Question 48

They bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cells

Answer 48

Lipid-soluble hormones

Question 49

They bind to receptors in the plasma membranes of the target cells

Answer 49

Water-soluble hormones

Question 50

A hormone-receptor that moves into the nucleus when a steroid hormone binds into it

Answer 50

Cytosolic receptor

Question 51

Receptor part of the cytosolic complex acts as a

Answer 51

Transcriptional regulator of specific target genes

Question 52

An enzyme complex that forms when a cytosolic receptor binds with a Lipophilic hormone

Answer 52

Hormone-receptor complex

Question 53

Three key events of hormone signaling

Answer 53

1. Reception 2. Signal Transduction 3. Response

Question 54

Activating a series of proteins inside the cell

Answer 54

Signal transduction

Question 55

Detection of a signal in the environment

Answer 55

Reception

Question 56

Change in behavior that occurs inside the cell

Answer 56

Response

Question 57

Refers to the duration of time required to decrease the concentration of a circulation hormone in half

Answer 57

Half life of a hormone

Question 58

Factors influencing hormone concentrations in the blood

Answer 58

1. Rate of hormone secretion 2. Rate of hormone removal

Question 59

Clearance or removal of hormones in the plasma membrane include:

Answer 59

1. Metabolic destruction 2. binding with the tissues 3. excretion by the liver into the bile 4. excretion by the kidneys into the urine