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Gen. Physiology - Midterms > Chemical Signals in Animals > Flashcards

Chemical Signals in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Regulatory systems in the body that maintains homeostasis

A

Nervous and Endocrine system

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2
Q

Chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body.

A

Animal Hormones

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3
Q

Cells that are equipped to respond to the hormone signals

A

Target Cells

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4
Q

Two types of gland in the vertebrate endocrine system

A

Exocrine and Endocrine glands

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5
Q

Secretes chemical into ducts and the effect happens where the duct empties (e.g. sweat glands, tear ducts)

A

Exocrine glands

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6
Q

Secretes chemical messengers into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the animals body and bind to specific hormone receptors.

A

Endocrine glands

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7
Q

Human development are regulated by various _______________

A

Signaling pathways

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8
Q

These are responsible for activating the signaling pathways

A

Specific chemical signaling molecules

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9
Q

They are the only ones responding to a specific hormones, chemical signals, and other signaling molecules that binds to their receptor protein.

A

Target Cells

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10
Q

Types of Intercellular Communication

A
  1. Endocrine Signaling
  2. Paracrine Signaling
  3. Direct Signaling
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11
Q

Signaling that secretes molecules that diffuse to the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body.

A

Endocrine Signaling

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12
Q

A subclass of Endocrine signaling where it is the neurosecretory cell that diffuses neurohormones to the bloodstream and trigger responses

A

Neuroendocrine Signaling

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13
Q

Signaling molecules that are secreted diffuse locally and triggers response from neighboring cells. Quick response

A

Paracrine Signaling

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14
Q

A paracrine signaling subclass where the locally secreted molecules trigger a response directly to the cell that secrete them.

A

Autocrine Signaling

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15
Q

A subclass paracrine signaling where neurotransmitters are diffused by neurons diffuse across synapses and trigger responses from target cells.

A

Synaptic Signaling/Neuronal Signaling

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16
Q

Signaling by direct contact of target cells, interacting by either membrane proteins on two different cells or through special cell-cell junctions

A

Direct Signaling

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17
Q

Three(3) types of Direct Signaling

A

Juxtacrine Signaling, Gap Junction, Plasmodesmata Signaling (plants)

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18
Q

Different types of secreted chemical signals

A
  1. Local regulators
  2. Neurotransmitters
  3. Neurohormones
  4. Pheromones
  5. Hormones
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19
Q

Chemical signal that travel over a short distance by diffusion. Regulates the blood pressure, nervous system function, and reproduction

A

Local Regulators

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20
Q

Two types of local regulator chemical signals

A

Paracrine and Autocrine

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21
Q

Local Regulator that are made up of proteins and polypeptides that stimulate cell proliferation

A

Growth Factors

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22
Q

Plays a role in the body’s immune system response

A

Cytokines

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23
Q

A neurotransmitter that is secreted by white blood cells to kill bacteria and cancer cells. Also dilates the walls of blood vessel when secreted by endothelial cells.

A

Nitrous Oxide

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24
Q

Secretes nitrous oxide to kill bacteria and cancer cells

A

White Blood Cells

25
Q

When secreted by __________, nitrous oxides acts to dilate the walls of the blood vessels

A

Endothelial cells

26
Q

Erection of the penis happens when nitrous oxide is released in the ___________________

A

corpus cavernosum

27
Q

Enhances the effects of nitrous oxide in penis erection by inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5)

A

Sildenafil(Viagra)

28
Q

Responsible for the degradation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum where nitrous oxide is released for penis erection.

A

Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5)

29
Q

A local regulator made of modified fatty acids that are secreted by the placenta to stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth. It also promotes fever and inflammation to intensify the pain and regulate aggregation of platelets.

A

Prostaglandins

30
Q

Secreted by the neurons at many synapses and diffuse at very short distances. Plays a role in sensation, memory, cognition, and movement

A

Neurotransmitters

31
Q

Neurotransmitter that is responsible for muscle contraction

A

Acetylcholine(ACh)

32
Q

Secreted by the neurosecretory cells that diffuse from their nerve endings towards the bloodstream.

A

Neurohormones

33
Q

A type of neurohormone that increases the water permeability of kidney’s collecting ducts and causes vasoconstriction

A

ADH(vasopressin)

34
Q

Chemical signals that are released from the body and used to communicate with other individuals in the species.

A

Pheromones

35
Q

Chemicals that transfer information and instructions between cells in animals and plants. Body’s chemical messengers that regulates: growth and development, function of various tissues, support reproductive functions, and regulates metabolism. Slow acting but long lasting.

A

Hormones

36
Q

Chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body

A

Animal Hormones

37
Q

Two types of feedback regulation

A

Positive and Negative Feedback

38
Q

Inhibits a response by reducing the initial stimulus, thus preventing excessive pathway activity

A

Negative Feedback

39
Q

Reinforces a stimulus to produce an even greater
response.

A

Positive Feedback

40
Q

Effects of hormone may be affected by:

A
  1. Different hormone receptor
  2. Different signaling transduction pathways
  3. Different proteins that carry out the response
41
Q

Different ______________ pathways in different
cells can lead to different responses to the same
signal.

A

Signal-transduction pathways

42
Q

Chemical classes of hormones

A
  1. Polypeptides
  2. Amines derived from amino acids
  3. Steroid hormones
43
Q

Water-soluble hormones

A

polypeptides and amines

44
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones

A

Steroid Hormones

45
Q

Hormones that are secreted by exocytosis, travel
freely in the bloodstream, and bind to cell-surface receptors

A

Water-Soluble hormones

46
Q

Triggers the release of messenger molecules that activate enzymes and result in the release of glucose into the bloodstream.

A

Epinephrine

47
Q

Hormones that diffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins, and diffuse through the nuclear membrane of target cells.

A

Lipid-soluble hormones

48
Q

They bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of
the target cells

A

Lipid-soluble hormones

49
Q

They bind to receptors in the plasma membranes of the target cells

A

Water-soluble hormones

50
Q

A hormone-receptor that moves into the nucleus when a steroid hormone binds into it

A

Cytosolic receptor

51
Q

Receptor part of the cytosolic complex acts as a

A

Transcriptional regulator of specific target genes

52
Q

An enzyme complex that forms when a cytosolic receptor binds with a Lipophilic hormone

A

Hormone-receptor complex

53
Q

Three key events of hormone signaling

A
  1. Reception
  2. Signal Transduction
  3. Response
54
Q

Activating a series of proteins inside the cell

A

Signal transduction

55
Q

Detection of a signal in the environment

A

Reception

56
Q

Change in behavior that occurs inside the cell

A

Response

57
Q

Refers to the duration of time required to decrease the concentration of a circulation hormone in half

A

Half life of a hormone

58
Q

Factors influencing hormone concentrations in the blood

A
  1. Rate of hormone secretion
  2. Rate of hormone removal
59
Q

Clearance or removal of hormones in the plasma membrane include:

A
  1. Metabolic destruction
  2. binding with the tissues
  3. excretion by the liver into the bile
  4. excretion by the kidneys into the urine

Gen. Physiology - Midterms (7 decks)

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