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Gen. Physiology - Midterms > Introduction and Principles of Physiology > Flashcards

Introduction and Principles of Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the biological functions or organs and their interrelationships.

A

Physiology

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2
Q

Studies interplay of factors that affect growth (connectedness of each body aspect)

A

Physiology

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3
Q

Brings together everything known about an animal’s function to create an integral picture of how an animal operates in its environment

A

Integrative science

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4
Q

The developmental history of an organism, from fertilization to adulthood, including all the physiological and physical changes that occurred during that time.

A

Ontogeny

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5
Q

Unlimited scheme of growth, relies on immediate nutrient resources, non-motile, use large amounts of CO2 etc.

A

Producers

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6
Q

He is the father of modern physiology

A

Claude Bernard

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7
Q

Coined the term “homeostasis” in 1932 to describe the stable internal environment of the body

A

Walter B. Cannon

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8
Q

Studies the structure and function of various parts of animals and plants; how these parts work together to allow these organisms to perform normally.

A

Physiologists

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9
Q

Control and regulation processes within groups of cells and how the combined activities of these cell groups affects the functions of the animal

A

Design experiments

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10
Q

Hallmark of Physiology

A

Diversity

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11
Q

Subdisciplines of Physiology

A
  1. Comparative Physiology
  2. Environmental Physiology
  3. Evolutionary Physiology
  4. Developmental Physiology
  5. Cell Physiology
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12
Q

Examines organisms in the context of their environments that they inhabit

A

Environmental Physiology

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13
Q

Species are compared in order to discern physiological and environmental patterns

A

Comparative Physiology

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14
Q

Information on the physiology of the cells themselves, which can be used to understand the physiological responses of tissues, organs, and organ systems

A

Cell Physiology

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15
Q

To understand the evolution of organisms from physiological viewpoint, focusing on physiological markers rather than anatomic markers

A

Evolutionary Physiology

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16
Q

Studies how physiological processes unfold during the course of organism development from embryo through larva or fetus to adulthood.

A

Developmental Physiology

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17
Q

Theme of Physiology that states: Function is based on Structure

Form fits function at all the levels of life, from molecules to organism

A

Structure/Function Relationships

biological function at each level of organization depends on the structu

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18
Q

A central theme of Physiology that states: Organisms Physiology is very well matched to the environment it occupies.

A

Adaptation, Acclimatization, Acclimation

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19
Q

Evolution based on natural selection leading to an organisms physiology, anatomy, and behavior matching it’s surroundings.

A

Adaptation.

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20
Q

A physiological process is _________

A

Adaptive

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21
Q

Genetically based, passed from generations to generations and is constantly shaped and maintained by natural selection

A

Physiological and anatomic adaptations

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22
Q

A physiological, biochemical, or anatomic change within an individual animal during its life that results from an animal’s chronic exposure in its native habitat to new, naturally occurring environmental condition

A

Acclimatization

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23
Q

Refers to the same process as acclimatization when the changes are induced experimentally in the laboratory or in the wild by an investigator.

A

Acclimation

24
Q

A central theme of Physiology that states: The tendency of organisms to regulate and maintain
relative internal stability

A

Homeostasis

25
Q

“Constancy of the internal environment is the condition of free life”

A

Claude Bernard

26
Q

States that define homeostasis:

A
  1. Dynamic Equilibrium
  2. In spite of multiple stimuli
  3. Maintained by negative feedback
27
Q

Factors that interact to maintain homeostasis

A

Chemical, thermal, and neural factors

28
Q

Homeostatic control systems

A

Receptor, Control center, Effector

29
Q

Regulation of homeostasis are maintained by ________ and ________ systems

A

Endocrine and Nervous

30
Q

Hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis

A

Insulin and glucagon

31
Q

Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas with alpha cells that produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin

A

islets of Langerhans

32
Q

Produced by the pancreas to regulate a stimulus of rising blood sugar level

A

Insulin

33
Q

Cells created by pancreas in response to a stimuli of low blood sugar level

A

Glucagon

34
Q

Hypo-insulinism (dependence on insulin)

A

Diabetes mellitus

35
Q

Diabetes that is dependent on insulin intake caused by an autoimmune disorder

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

36
Q

Type of diabetes caused by unresponsiveness of cells towards insulin, lessening the glucose intake of the cells

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

37
Q

Animals that can survive large fluctuations(changes) in the external osmolarity

A

Euryhaline animals

38
Q

Physiological trait of animals to survive complete water loss by going into a dormant state

A

Anhydrobiosis

39
Q

Detects the change(stimuli) in the body

A

Receptor

40
Q

Determines a set point(threshold) for a normal range

A

Control center

41
Q

Carries out the response determined by the control center

A

Effector

42
Q

Central theme of Physiology that states: Cells and Multicellular organisms maintain homeostasis based on ________

A

Feedback - Control systems

43
Q

Return of information to a controller that regulates a controlled variable

A

Feedback

44
Q

A regulatory mechanism where changes in the controlled variable opposes the change

Decreases the intesity of the stilmulus or eliminates it

A

Negative feedback

Ex. Thermostat

45
Q

Homeostatic control systems are maintained by

A

Negative feedback mechanisms

46
Q

A loop in which the response reduces the initial stimulus

A

Negative feedback

47
Q

Enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated

A

Positive feedback mechanism

48
Q

Positive feedback mechanisms usually controls _____________

A

Infrequent events

49
Q

Hormone that stimulates uterine contractions due to the stimuli of childbirth

A

Oxytocin

50
Q

Responsible for producing oxytocin that is released by the posterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamus

51
Q

Central theme of Physiology that states: When an organism is confronted by the changes in its environment, it responds in one or two ways:

A

Conformity and Regulation

52
Q

Organisms that parallel the external environmental challenges that changes internal body status

A

Conformers

53
Q

Biochemical, physiological, behavioral, and other mechanisms regulate their internal environment over a broad range of external environmental changes

A

Regulators

54
Q

Organisms that maintain ion concentrations of bodily fluids above environmental levels when placed in diluted or saturated water

A

Osmoregulator

55
Q

Trait that is based largely on controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment

A

Osmoregulation

Gen. Physiology - Midterms (7 decks)

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