Introduction and Principles of Physiology Flashcards
The study of the biological functions or organs and their interrelationships.
Physiology
Studies interplay of factors that affect growth (connectedness of each body aspect)
Physiology
Brings together everything known about an animal’s function to create an integral picture of how an animal operates in its environment
Integrative science
The developmental history of an organism, from fertilization to adulthood, including all the physiological and physical changes that occurred during that time.
Ontogeny
Unlimited scheme of growth, relies on immediate nutrient resources, non-motile, use large amounts of CO2 etc.
Producers
He is the father of modern physiology
Claude Bernard
Coined the term “homeostasis” in 1932 to describe the stable internal environment of the body
Walter B. Cannon
Studies the structure and function of various parts of animals and plants; how these parts work together to allow these organisms to perform normally.
Physiologists
Control and regulation processes within groups of cells and how the combined activities of these cell groups affects the functions of the animal
Design experiments
Hallmark of Physiology
Diversity
Subdisciplines of Physiology
- Comparative Physiology
- Environmental Physiology
- Evolutionary Physiology
- Developmental Physiology
- Cell Physiology
Examines organisms in the context of their environments that they inhabit
Environmental Physiology
Species are compared in order to discern physiological and environmental patterns
Comparative Physiology
Information on the physiology of the cells themselves, which can be used to understand the physiological responses of tissues, organs, and organ systems
Cell Physiology
To understand the evolution of organisms from physiological viewpoint, focusing on physiological markers rather than anatomic markers
Evolutionary Physiology
Studies how physiological processes unfold during the course of organism development from embryo through larva or fetus to adulthood.
Developmental Physiology
Theme of Physiology that states: Function is based on Structure
Form fits function at all the levels of life, from molecules to organism
Structure/Function Relationships
biological function at each level of organization depends on the structu
A central theme of Physiology that states: Organisms Physiology is very well matched to the environment it occupies.
Adaptation, Acclimatization, Acclimation
Evolution based on natural selection leading to an organisms physiology, anatomy, and behavior matching it’s surroundings.
Adaptation.
A physiological process is _________
Adaptive
Genetically based, passed from generations to generations and is constantly shaped and maintained by natural selection
Physiological and anatomic adaptations
A physiological, biochemical, or anatomic change within an individual animal during its life that results from an animal’s chronic exposure in its native habitat to new, naturally occurring environmental condition
Acclimatization
Refers to the same process as acclimatization when the changes are induced experimentally in the laboratory or in the wild by an investigator.
Acclimation
A central theme of Physiology that states: The tendency of organisms to regulate and maintain
relative internal stability
Homeostasis
“Constancy of the internal environment is the condition of free life”
Claude Bernard
States that define homeostasis:
- Dynamic Equilibrium
- In spite of multiple stimuli
- Maintained by negative feedback
Factors that interact to maintain homeostasis
Chemical, thermal, and neural factors
Homeostatic control systems
Receptor, Control center, Effector
Regulation of homeostasis are maintained by ________ and ________ systems
Endocrine and Nervous
Hormones that regulate glucose homeostasis
Insulin and glucagon
Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas with alpha cells that produce glucagon and beta cells that produce insulin
islets of Langerhans
Produced by the pancreas to regulate a stimulus of rising blood sugar level
Insulin
Cells created by pancreas in response to a stimuli of low blood sugar level
Glucagon
Hypo-insulinism (dependence on insulin)
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes that is dependent on insulin intake caused by an autoimmune disorder
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Type of diabetes caused by unresponsiveness of cells towards insulin, lessening the glucose intake of the cells
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Animals that can survive large fluctuations(changes) in the external osmolarity
Euryhaline animals
Physiological trait of animals to survive complete water loss by going into a dormant state
Anhydrobiosis
Detects the change(stimuli) in the body
Receptor
Determines a set point(threshold) for a normal range
Control center
Carries out the response determined by the control center
Effector
Central theme of Physiology that states: Cells and Multicellular organisms maintain homeostasis based on ________
Feedback - Control systems
Return of information to a controller that regulates a controlled variable
Feedback
A regulatory mechanism where changes in the controlled variable opposes the change
Decreases the intesity of the stilmulus or eliminates it
Negative feedback
Ex. Thermostat
Homeostatic control systems are maintained by
Negative feedback mechanisms
A loop in which the response reduces the initial stimulus
Negative feedback
Enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated
Positive feedback mechanism
Positive feedback mechanisms usually controls _____________
Infrequent events
Hormone that stimulates uterine contractions due to the stimuli of childbirth
Oxytocin
Responsible for producing oxytocin that is released by the posterior pituitary
Hypothalamus
Central theme of Physiology that states: When an organism is confronted by the changes in its environment, it responds in one or two ways:
Conformity and Regulation
Organisms that parallel the external environmental challenges that changes internal body status
Conformers
Biochemical, physiological, behavioral, and other mechanisms regulate their internal environment over a broad range of external environmental changes
Regulators
Organisms that maintain ion concentrations of bodily fluids above environmental levels when placed in diluted or saturated water
Osmoregulator
Trait that is based largely on controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment
Osmoregulation
