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Gen. Physiology - Midterms > Cell Respiration > Flashcards

Cell Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of Cellular Respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation
  3. Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle
  4. Electron Transport Chain
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2
Q

What is the chemical formula of Cell Respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = ATP + 6H2O + 6 CO2 + heat

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3
Q

Step-by-step breakdown of high energy glucose molecule to release energy

A

Cellular Respiration

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4
Q

The energy currency of the cell

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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5
Q

This cycle is fundamental mode of energy exchange in biological systems

A

ATP-ADP cycle

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6
Q

How many kilocalories of energy is released when ATP breaks down into ADP + P

A

7 kilocalories

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7
Q

Anaerobic process of cellular respiration that occurs in the cytosol. Breakdown of glucose into 3 carbon pyruvate.

A

Glycolysis

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8
Q

The ancient pathway that harvests energy and is the starting point for all cellular respiration.

A

Glycolysis

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9
Q

Glycolysis are composed of how many reactions?

A

10 reactions

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10
Q

Total product gain of glycolysis

A

4 ATP, 2 NADH

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11
Q

Total net gain of glycolysis

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH

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12
Q

1st half of glycolysis that prepares the glucose for splitting by phosphorylation

A

Glucose Priming

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13
Q

Enzyme that phosphorylates glucose

A

Hexokinase

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14
Q

The 2nd half of glycolysis where production of NADH and ATP occurs as G3P is converted in to pyruvate

A

Energy Harvest stage

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15
Q

What is G3P?

A

glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate

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16
Q

PEP or phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase through:

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

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17
Q

_____ is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

A

ATP

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18
Q

Energy accounting for glycolysis

A

1 glucose molecule = (2) 3 carbon pyruvate

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19
Q

Organisms survived using glycolysis for __________ years

A

1 billion

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20
Q

Glycolysis on harvests ____% of the total energy stored in glucose

A

3.5%

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21
Q

more ______ to strip = more _______ to harvest

A

carbon, energy

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22
Q

NADH is recycle to NAD+ by two ways:

A

Krebs cycle(aerobic) and fermentation(anaerobic)

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23
Q

Fermentation of pyruvate into ethanol + CO2

A

Alcohol Fermentation

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24
Q

Yeast dies at ____% of alcohol concentration

A

12%

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25
Q

Alcohol fermentation is: reversible or irreversible

A

Irreversible

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26
Q

Conversion of pyruvate in to lactic acid.

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

27
Q

Lactic Acid can be converted back to pyruvate when _______ is present

A

O2(oxygen gas)

28
Q

Alcohol and Lactic Acid Fermentation occurs due to the absence of _______

A

Oxygen(O2)

29
Q

Enzyme that powers the bonding of phosphate group to ADP using the H+ gradient. (ATP synthesis)

A

ATP Synthase

30
Q

When oxygenated, pyruvate is converted into:

A

acetyl CoA (acetyl coenzyme A)

31
Q

A 3 step oxidation process that releases 1 molecule of CO2 and reduces 2 NAD+ into 2 NADH

A

Oxidation of pyruvate

32
Q

complete formula of oxidation of pyruvate

A

2x [pyruvate = two carbon acetyl CoA + NADH + CO2]

33
Q

Process that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix with an 8-step pathway that is catalyzed by specific enzymes.

A

Krebs Cycle aka Citric acid cycle

34
Q

He discovered the Krebs Cycle

A

Hans Krebs

35
Q

Eukaryotes evolved _____________ years ago to perform aerobic respiration.

A

1.5 billion years ago

36
Q

Why does Krebs Cycle occur twice?

A

2 acetyl CoA are used for the reaction

37
Q

What are the electron carriers produced in Krebs Cycle?

A

NADH and FADH2

38
Q

Chemical compounds involved in the Krebs Cycle

A

acetyl CoA, Citrate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, and Oxaloacetate

39
Q

Chemical Formula of Krebs Cycle

A

2x [acetyl CoA = 1 ATP + 4 NADH + 1 FADH2]

40
Q

Energy account of Krebs Cycle

A

2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2

41
Q

If Krebs only produces 2 ATP, why is it then an important part of Cellular Respiration?

A

production of valuable electron carriers to be used in the Electron Transport Chain

42
Q

A working muscle recycles over ____________ ATP’s per second

A

10 million

43
Q

Transport of electrons that powers the pumping of H+ to create an H+ gradient by the series of molecules imbedded in the mitochondrial membrane.

A

Electron Transport Chain

44
Q

The fold in the inner membrane of mitochondria where the molecules for ETC is built into

A

Cristae

45
Q

3 proteins involved in ETC

A
  1. NADH Dehydrogenase
  2. Cytochrome bc complex
  3. Cytochrome c oxidase complex
46
Q

Mobile Carriers in ETC

A
  1. coenzyme q/ubiquinone q
  2. cytochrome c
47
Q

Electrons are stripped from ____ atoms, converting it to ____+ (a proton)

A

H atoms, H+

48
Q

Transport proteins in the membrane pumps H+ across the inner membrane to the _________________

A

intermembrane space

49
Q

What pulls down the electrons from the transport membrane proteins in the ETC?

A

Presence of Oxygen molecule

50
Q

Serves as the final electron receptor in the ETC?

A

Oxygen(O2)

51
Q

What is the byproduct of ETC?

A

Water molecule(H2O)

52
Q

Force that allows the protons(H+) to flow through the ATP synthase to synthesize ATP

A

Proton-motive force

53
Q

The diffusion of ions across a membrane (e.g. movement of proton gradient through ATP synthase, forming ATP)

A

Chemiosmosis

54
Q

Links the Electron Transport Chain to ATP Synthesis

A

Chemiosmosis

55
Q

Proposed the idea pf Chemiosmosis hypothesis

A

Peter Mitchell

56
Q

Reaction that synthesizes the bond between phosphate group and ADP, creating ATP

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

57
Q

Total net gain of ETC

A

32 ATP per glucose molecule

58
Q

Total net gain of Cellular Respiration

A

2 ATP + 2 ATP + 32 ATP = 36 ATP per 1 glucose molecule

59
Q

What happens when O2 is absent during ETC?

A

Electron can’t be pulled, NADH and FADH2 can’t unload H = no ATP produced = Cell death = organism death

60
Q

Use of excess intermediates that can be used to build necessary molecules.

A

Biosynthesis

61
Q

________ can be produced from acetyl CoA

A

Lipids

62
Q

Excess pyruvate can be synthesized into ____________

A

Glycogen

63
Q

__________ are generated from different Krebs Cycle stages.

A

Amino Acids

Gen. Physiology - Midterms (7 decks)

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