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Gen. Physiology - Midterms > Cell Respiration > Flashcards

Cell Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of Cellular Respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation
  3. Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle
  4. Electron Transport Chain
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2
Q

What is the chemical formula of Cell Respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = ATP + 6H2O + 6 CO2 + heat

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3
Q

Step-by-step breakdown of high energy glucose molecule to release energy

A

Cellular Respiration

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4
Q

The energy currency of the cell

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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5
Q

This cycle is fundamental mode of energy exchange in biological systems

A

ATP-ADP cycle

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6
Q

How many kilocalories of energy is released when ATP breaks down into ADP + P

A

7 kilocalories

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7
Q

Anaerobic process of cellular respiration that occurs in the cytosol. Breakdown of glucose into 3 carbon pyruvate.

A

Glycolysis

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8
Q

The ancient pathway that harvests energy and is the starting point for all cellular respiration.

A

Glycolysis

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9
Q

Glycolysis are composed of how many reactions?

A

10 reactions

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10
Q

Total product gain of glycolysis

A

4 ATP, 2 NADH

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11
Q

Total net gain of glycolysis

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH

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12
Q

1st half of glycolysis that prepares the glucose for splitting by phosphorylation

A

Glucose Priming

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13
Q

Enzyme that phosphorylates glucose

A

Hexokinase

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14
Q

The 2nd half of glycolysis where production of NADH and ATP occurs as G3P is converted in to pyruvate

A

Energy Harvest stage

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15
Q

What is G3P?

A

glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate

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16
Q

PEP or phosphoenolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase through:

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

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17
Q

_____ is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

A

ATP

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18
Q

Energy accounting for glycolysis

A

1 glucose molecule = (2) 3 carbon pyruvate

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19
Q

Organisms survived using glycolysis for __________ years

A

1 billion

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20
Q

Glycolysis on harvests ____% of the total energy stored in glucose

A

3.5%

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21
Q

more ______ to strip = more _______ to harvest

A

carbon, energy

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22
Q

NADH is recycle to NAD+ by two ways:

A

Krebs cycle(aerobic) and fermentation(anaerobic)

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23
Q

Fermentation of pyruvate into ethanol + CO2

A

Alcohol Fermentation

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24
Q

Yeast dies at ____% of alcohol concentration

A

12%

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25
Alcohol fermentation is: reversible or irreversible
Irreversible
26
Conversion of pyruvate in to lactic acid.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
27
Lactic Acid can be converted back to pyruvate when _______ is present
O2(oxygen gas)
28
Alcohol and Lactic Acid Fermentation occurs due to the absence of _______
Oxygen(O2)
29
Enzyme that powers the bonding of phosphate group to ADP using the H+ gradient. (ATP synthesis)
ATP Synthase
30
When oxygenated, pyruvate is converted into:
acetyl CoA (acetyl coenzyme A)
31
A 3 step oxidation process that releases 1 molecule of CO2 and reduces 2 NAD+ into 2 NADH
Oxidation of pyruvate
32
complete formula of oxidation of pyruvate
2x [pyruvate = two carbon acetyl CoA + NADH + CO2]
33
Process that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix with an 8-step pathway that is catalyzed by specific enzymes.
Krebs Cycle aka Citric acid cycle
34
He discovered the Krebs Cycle
Hans Krebs
35
Eukaryotes evolved _____________ years ago to perform aerobic respiration.
1.5 billion years ago
36
Why does Krebs Cycle occur twice?
2 acetyl CoA are used for the reaction
37
What are the electron carriers produced in Krebs Cycle?
NADH and FADH2
38
Chemical compounds involved in the Krebs Cycle
acetyl CoA, Citrate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, and Oxaloacetate
39
Chemical Formula of Krebs Cycle
2x [acetyl CoA = 1 ATP + 4 NADH + 1 FADH2]
40
Energy account of Krebs Cycle
2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2
41
If Krebs only produces 2 ATP, why is it then an important part of Cellular Respiration?
production of valuable electron carriers to be used in the Electron Transport Chain
42
A working muscle recycles over ____________ ATP's per second
10 million
43
Transport of electrons that powers the pumping of H+ to create an H+ gradient by the series of molecules imbedded in the mitochondrial membrane.
Electron Transport Chain
44
The fold in the inner membrane of mitochondria where the molecules for ETC is built into
Cristae
45
3 proteins involved in ETC
1. NADH Dehydrogenase 2. Cytochrome bc complex 3. Cytochrome c oxidase complex
46
Mobile Carriers in ETC
1. coenzyme q/ubiquinone q 2. cytochrome c
47
Electrons are stripped from ____ atoms, converting it to ____+ (a proton)
H atoms, H+
48
Transport proteins in the membrane pumps H+ across the inner membrane to the _________________
intermembrane space
49
What pulls down the electrons from the transport membrane proteins in the ETC?
Presence of Oxygen molecule
50
Serves as the final electron receptor in the ETC?
Oxygen(O2)
51
What is the byproduct of ETC?
Water molecule(H2O)
52
Force that allows the protons(H+) to flow through the ATP synthase to synthesize ATP
Proton-motive force
53
The diffusion of ions across a membrane (e.g. movement of proton gradient through ATP synthase, forming ATP)
Chemiosmosis
54
Links the Electron Transport Chain to ATP Synthesis
Chemiosmosis
55
Proposed the idea pf Chemiosmosis hypothesis
Peter Mitchell
56
Reaction that synthesizes the bond between phosphate group and ADP, creating ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation
57
Total net gain of ETC
32 ATP per glucose molecule
58
Total net gain of Cellular Respiration
2 ATP + 2 ATP + 32 ATP = 36 ATP per 1 glucose molecule
59
What happens when O2 is absent during ETC?
Electron can't be pulled, NADH and FADH2 can't unload H = no ATP produced = Cell death = organism death
60
Use of excess intermediates that can be used to build necessary molecules.
Biosynthesis
61
________ can be produced from acetyl CoA
Lipids
62
Excess pyruvate can be synthesized into ____________
Glycogen
63
__________ are generated from different Krebs Cycle stages.
Amino Acids

Gen. Physiology - Midterms (7 decks)

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