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Biochemistry > Membrane Lipids > Flashcards

Membrane Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

There are 3 Membrane Lipids, these are ___, ____, and ____.

A

Phospholipids
Glycerophospholipids
Cholesterol

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2
Q

Membrane Lipids

A

All cells are surrounded by a membrane that confines their contents

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3
Q

Up to ___ of the mass of a cell membrane can be lipid materials dominated by phospholipids

A

80%

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4
Q

Non-fatty acid containing membrane lipid

A

Cholesterol

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5
Q

Fatty acid containing membrane lipid

A

Phospholipid and Glycerophospholipid

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6
Q

Phospholipid (Acidic Lipids)

A

Lipid that contains one or more fatty
acids, a phosphate group, a platform molecule to which the fatty acid(s) and the phosphate group are attached, and an alcohol that is attached to the phosphate group

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7
Q

Classification of phospholipid based on its backbone or platform molecule (Glycerophospholipid, Sphingophospholipid)

A

Glycerophospholipid - Backbone used is Glycerol

Sphingophospholipid - Backbone used is Sphingosine

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8
Q

Difference of phospholipid to triacylglycerol

A

Instead of having all ester as fatty acids, there is 1 fatty acid that is substitute to a phosphate group with an alcohol attached to the phosphate.

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9
Q

Most abundant Membrane Lipids

A

Phospholipids

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10
Q

Glycerophospholipids

A

Lipids that contain two fatty acids and a phosphate group esterified to a glycerol molecule and an alcohol esterified to the phosphate group

All attachments (bonds) between groups are ester linkages

Contain four ester linkages when contrasted to three ester linkages in triacylglycerols

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11
Q

Undergo hydrolysis and saponification reactions in a manner similar to that for triacylglycerols

A

Glycerophospholipids

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12
Q

(GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS)

The alcohol attached to the phosphate group in a glycophospholipid is usually one of three amino alcohols:

A

Choline - Phosphatidylcholines or Lecithin (emulsion and SURFACTANT)

Ethanolamine - Phosphatidylethanolamines or Cefalin (important in blood clotting)

Serine - Phosphatidylserines (Important for cell apoptosis)

Cardio Lipid - diphosphatidyl glycerol (important in mitochondrial function; major lipid in mitochondria)

Plasmalogen - usually found in the brain and the heart; protects against reactive oxygen species; structurally resembles phosphatidyl ethanolamine

Phosphatidylinositol - (myoinositol bonds to phosphatidic acid)

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13
Q

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

Lecithin Deficiency

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14
Q

Different biochemical functions of Glycerophospholipids and Triacylglycerol

A

Triacylglycerols serve as energy-storage molecules and is stored inside the cells.

Glycerophospholipids function as components of cell membranes and is used by the cells for intracellular or intercellular communication.

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15
Q

A major structural difference between the two types of lipids is that of their “polarity”, which is responsible for their differing biochemical functions. Triacylglycerols are a ____ while Glycerophospholipids are ___

A

nonpolar(neutral lipids); polar(acidic lipids)

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16
Q

Sphingophospholipids

A

Structures based on the 18-carbon
monounsaturated aminodialcohol sphingosine

Contains one fatty acid and one phosphate group attached to a sphingosine molecule, and an alcohol attached to the phosphate group

Participate in hydrolysis and saponification
reaction

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17
Q

Ceramide

A

term to refer sphingosine + fatty acid

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18
Q

Ceramide + Phosphate and Alcohol

A

Sphingophospholipids

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19
Q

Sphingomyelin

A

Sphingophospholipids in which the alcohol
esterified to the phosphate group is choline

Found in all cell membranes and are important structural components of the myelin sheath of neurons

  • Contain sphingosine, a long-chain amino alcohol sphingosine
  • Found in plants and animals
  • Abundant in nervous system
  • Bares structural similarity to phospholipids
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20
Q

Ceramide + phosphorylcholine

A

Sphingomyelin

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21
Q

Sphingoglycolipids (can be refer to as glycolipid)

A

Contains both a fatty acid and a carbohydrate

component attached to a sphingosine molecule

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22
Q

Ceramide + carbohydrate

A

Sphingoglycolipids

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23
Q

Most common sphingolipid

A

glycolipid

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24
Q

Ceramide + Monosaccharide (carbohydrate)

A

cerebrosides

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25
Q

Ceramide + disaccharide or oligosaccharide (carbohydrate)

A

Globosides

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26
Q

Ceramide + Polysaccharide with NaNA (carbohydrate)

NaNA (N-Acetylneuraminic Acid)

A

Gangliosides

27
Q

NaNA (N-Acetylneuraminic Acid)

A

a derivative of sialic acid - a 9C monosaccharides

28
Q

Simplest sphingoglycolipid

A

Cerebrosides

29
Q

Ceramide + Glucose

A

Glucocerebrosides or glucoside or cerebroglucoside or glucosylceromide

30
Q

Ceramide + Galactose

A
31
Q

Ceramide + Galactose

A
32
Q

Ceramide + Galactose

A

a

33
Q

Ceramide + Galactose

A

a

34
Q

Ceramide + Glucose + Galactose + NaNA

A

GM3

34
Q

Simplest Ganglioside

A

GM3

34
Q

Derivative of GM3 and is a cholera toxin receptor

A

GM1

34
Q

Ceramide + Galactose

A

Galactocerebrosides or Galactoside or cerebrogalactoside or galactosylceromide

35
Q

Cerebrosides

A

Contain a single monosaccharide unit–either
glucose or galactose

Occur primarily in brain (7% of dry mass)

36
Q

Gangliosides

A

Complex sphingoglycolipids
Contain a branched chain of up to seven
monosaccharide residues
Occur in the gray matter of the brain as well as in the myelin sheath

37
Q

A membrane lipid but also serves as a precursor for other steroid base molecules in the body, and found in all tissue, and cells of the body.

A

Cholesterol

38
Q

Cholesterol is important in?

A

Important in human cell membranes, nerve tissue, and brain tissue
Important in chemical synthesis of various hormones and vitamins essential for life

39
Q

All steroid has a common structural feature, what it is?

A

Steroid Nucleus - CPPP (cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring)

40
Q

Cholesterol is a carbon _____ steroid molecule and precursor for other steroid-based lipids

A

C27

41
Q

Lipid whose structure is based on a fused-ring system of three 6-membered rings and one 5-membered ring

A

Steroid

42
Q

Where is cholesterol synthesized?

A

Cholesterol is synthesized in the liver but in small extent it can be synthesized in the intestines

43
Q

Cholesterol ingestion ____ biosynthetic

cholesterol production

A

decreases

44
Q

Animal food contains ___ of cholesterol while Plant food contains ____ amounts of cholesterol

A

Lots; Negligible

45
Q

Cholesterol is ____ (Lipophilic or Lipophobic)

A

Lipophilic or Hydrophobic

46
Q

Cholesterol requires ____ to be distributed in the body

A

Lipoproteins

47
Q

Spherical macromolecular complexes of lipids and proteins

A

Lipoproteins

48
Q

Types of Lipoproteins

A

Chylomicron - (highest TAG, lowest Cholesterol)
Very low density lipoprotein - (High TAG, Low Cholesterol)
low density lipoprotein - (Low TAG, Highest Cholesterol)
high density lipoprotein - (Lowest Tag, High Cholesterol)

NOTE: this are the carrier molecules for molecules and triacylglycerol

49
Q

A lipoprotein which distributes exogenous lipids from the liver to the body

A

Chylomicron

50
Q

A lipoprotein which distributes the cholesterol made from the liver to the peripherals is the

A

Low density Lipoprotein

51
Q

A lipoprotein which delivers the cholesterol from the peripheral to the liver for recycling or repurposing

A

High Density Lipoprotein

52
Q

When low density lipoprotein reacts with the enzyme ___, which is found in the blood and hydrolyzes into ____, and further hydrolysis will turn it into very low density lipoproteins

A

lipases; Intermediate density lipoprotein which further

53
Q

The ___ is the Bad Cholesterol while ___ is the Good Cholesterol

A

Low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein

54
Q

Type of Lipoprotein Disorders

A

Type 1 - Familial hyperchylomicronemia
Type 2A - Familial hypercholesterolemia
Type 2B - Familial combined hyperlipidemia
Type 3 - Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia
Type 4 - Familial hypertriglyceridemia
Type 5 - Familial mixed hypertriglyceridemia

55
Q

A type of Lipoprotein Disorder which is high in chylomicrons

A

Type 1 - Familial hyperchylomicronemia

56
Q

A type of Lipoprotein Disorder which is high in low density lipoprotein

A

Type 2A - Familial hypercholesterolemia

57
Q

A type of Lipoprotein Disorder which is high in low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein

A

Type 2B - Familial combined hyperlipidemia

58
Q

A type of Lipoprotein Disorder which is high in chylomicrons and very low density lipoprotein

A

Type 3 - Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia

59
Q

A type of Lipoprotein Disorder which is high in very low density lipoprotein

A

Type 4 - Familial hypertriglyceridemia

60
Q

A type of Lipoprotein Disorder which is high in chylomicron and very low density lipoprotein

A

Type 5 - Familial mixed hypertriglyceridemia

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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