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Biology 1100 > Meiosis > Flashcards

Meiosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Heredity

A

The passing of genes from one generation to the next

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2
Q

Trait

A

A genetically determined characteristics

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3
Q

Genetics

A

The study of heredity and heredity variation

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4
Q

Locus

A

A gene’s specific location on a chromosome

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5
Q

Somatic cells and how many chromosomes humans have?

A

Normal cells in an organism
Have 46 chromosome

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6
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells that pass genes(DNA) from generation to another

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7
Q

Gene

A

If it inherited and causes a trait (phenotype), it’s a gene

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8
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Parent is a single individual
**All cells are made by mitosis - all cells are genetically identical
The descendants (progeny) are genetically identical to the parents(clone)

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9
Q

Pros and Cons of Asexual reproduction

A

Pros: Fast
less genetic expensive
Cons: Less genetic diversity in the population

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10
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Two parents
**Gametes are made meiosis - gametes are not genetically identical to parent
Descendants are NOT genetical to parent

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11
Q

Pros and Cons of Sexual Reproduction

A

Pros: More genetic diversity in population which can withstand environmental changes
much wider variety of phenotypes
Cons: Need to find a mate(energetically more expensive)

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12
Q

Life Cycle

A

The series of stages in the reproductive history of an organism(from conception to production of its own offspring)

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13
Q

Diploid

A

These are cells that contain two copies of each chromosome(46)

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14
Q

There are 23 pairs of chromosomes. True/ False

A

True.

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15
Q

Humans have 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (X and Y). True/ False

A

True.

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16
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Two chromosomes in a pair

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17
Q

Alleles

A

These are genes, one from mother and one from father

18
Q

Haploid

A

Only one chromosome(23) in each cell(Gametes)

19
Q

Fertilization

A

Merging of two haploid gametes to form diploid zygote

20
Q

Sporophyte

A

Spore producing phase(asexual phase) and diploid phase

21
Q

Gametophyte

A

Haploid Phase or sexual phase

22
Q

Ploidy

A

The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell. **Humans somatic cells are diploid(2n)

23
Q

Identical twins have the same combination of alleles. True/False

A

True

24
Q

Chromosomes are counted by the number of centromeres. True/False

A

True

25
Q

What are the sources of genetic variation

A

Crossing Over(homologous recombination) in prophase 1
Independent Assortment of homologous (various combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes) chromosomes at metaphase/anaphase 1
Random fertilization(not in meiosis but part of process)

26
Q

Recombinant Chromosomes/Cross over

A

The swapped sections of DNA between non-sister chromosomes.

27
Q

Cohesins

A

Hold sister chromatids together

28
Q

Recombination happens during the raveled stage of the chromosome (euchromatin). True/False

A

True

29
Q

Steps to Recombination

A

DNA strand breaks are made by proteins on non-sister chromatids
Synaptonemal complex hold non-sister chromatids together
Crossing over occurs
Recombination occurs on both sets of non0-sister chromatids

30
Q

Synaptonemal Complex

A

are proteins that hold the non-sister chromatids together

31
Q

Chiasmata

A

These are regions where non-sister chromatids have swapped(crossovers occurred)

32
Q

Synapsis

A

The close fusion of homologous chromosomes

33
Q

The chromosomes are fully condensed at the end of interphase. True/False

A

False. The chromosomes are fully condensed at the end of prophase 1

34
Q

Prophase 1

A

Nuclear Envelope breakdown
Mitotic spindle forms along with centrosome movement
Crossover and recombination occurs (earlier prophase)

35
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Duplicated homologous chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate (this is random)
microtubules attached to one pair of sister chromatids

36
Q

Anaphase 1

A

**Centromeres that hold homologous proteins together detach
**Homologous chromosomes separate
Cohesin proteins remain together
kinetochore stays together

37
Q

Telophase 1 and Cytokinines

A

Each nucleus has a haploid set of duplicated chromosomes
Each chromosome is a sister chromatids
No duplication occurs before going into the next stage

38
Q

Prophase 2

A

Similar to prophase 1
Nuclear envelope breaks down, mitotic spindle forms, centrosomes move to the ends of the cell

39
Q

Metaphase 2

A

chromosomes are aligned at metaphase plate
Sister chromatids attached by kinetochores to a microtubule
Because of crossing over the sister chromatids are not identical

40
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Cohesins are broken down. Chromososmes are moved to opposite poles

41
Q

Telophase 2 and Cytokinesis 2

A

nuclei form, chromosomes decondense
each cell has haploid
haploid daughter cells form

42
Q

autosomal and sex chromosome cross over. True/False

A

False. Only autosomal chromosomes cross over

Biology 1100 (11 decks)

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