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biology 1100 > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What are the reasons cell dvide

A

Cell divide for:
Reproduction
Growth of an organism
Replacement of lost cells

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2
Q

What are the 3 broad categories with respect to the cell cycle

A

Cells that do not cycle(have permanent arrest stage). e.g. muscle cells, neurons, RBCs - once differentiated.
Cells that are induced. e.g liver cells, some immune system
Cells that divide regularly. e.g stem cells

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

Threadlike structure made of protein and DNA that carry genetic information

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4
Q

Euchromatin

A

Loosely condensed chromatin chromatin, gene rich, and active for transcription

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5
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Highly condensed chromatin structure, gene-poor, and inactive for transcription

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6
Q

Interphase

A

where a cell spend most of its life

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7
Q

Mitosis

A

shorter part of a cell life

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8
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Sister chromatids(even when duplicated) is one chromosome

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9
Q

Centromere

A

Point where sister chromatids connect.

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10
Q

S-Phase (synthesis of new DNA)

A

The centrosome duplicates. The DNA is completely duplicated

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11
Q

G2 phase

A

The cell grows even more, it prepares for mitosis and makes proteins and organelles. At the end of the G2 phase is now when we are ready for mitosis. The cytoskeleton dismantles

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12
Q

What are the two major stages of a cell cycle(eukaryotic cells)

A

Interphase(duplicating) and mitosis

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13
Q

G1 phase

A

The duplication starts. cell grows physically larger. This is the longest stage in the cell cycle. Protein synthesis occurs

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14
Q

What are the different steps in interphase

A

G1, S(Synthesis) and G2

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15
Q

Cohesins

A

These are proteins that hold sister chromatids together.

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16
Q

What are the two parts in a M (mitotic) phase

A

Mitosis and Cytokinesis(division of the cell)

17
Q

G0 Phase

A

Cells enter the G0 phase when they are not ready to divide. Some cells stay in this stage permanently.

18
Q

Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDK)

A

Multifunctional enzyme that help modify target proteins. It requires cyclins to become active.
Cyclin begins to accumulate in G1.

19
Q

Maturation Promotion Factor

A

Universal inducer of M phase. It promotes the entrance into mitosis from G2 phase.
They add phosphate to other proteins that results in the breakdown of nuclear envelope, promotion of chromosome condensation and M- phase events

20
Q

Checkpoints

A

These are signaling pathways of cells

21
Q

What is the importance of cell cycle control?

A

This helps prevent accumulation of mutations in the genome.
Prevent uncontrolled division of cells.

22
Q

What are the three main checkpoint in a cell cycle

A

G1(between G1 and S)
G2(between G2 and M)
M(between M and G1)

23
Q

Neurons and non dividing cells are permanently in G0. True/ False

A

True

24
Q

G1 Checkpoint requirements

A

Is the DNA damaged
Is the cell large enough and are nutrients and energy sufficient
If no, then the cell goes into G0 phase

25
Q

G2 Checkpoint Requirements

A

Successful DNA replication
Undamaged DNA

26
Q

G2 of interphase

A

Centrosomes (already duplicated)
The chromosomes are not condensed
Nuclear envelope and nucleolus present

27
Q

Prophase

A

Centrosomes begin to move to the other side of the cell
Mitotic spindles form from centrosomes
Chromosomes are condensed
There is still the nuclear envelope, but no nucleus

28
Q

Prometaphase

A

Centrosomes are at opposite ends of the cell (poles)
nuclear envelope breaks
Mitotic spindle attaches to the ‘kinetochore(centromere +protein)’

29
Q

Metaphase

A

Sister chromatids align at the metaphase phase(middle line)
M checkpoint occurs

30
Q

M checkpoint

A

Makes sure that the sister chromatids are aligned at the metaphase plate(middle line)
make sure sure each mitotic spindle is attached to one sister chromatid
ensures equal distribution of chromosomes into the daughter nuclei (correct separation)

31
Q

What happens if M checkpoint didn’t occur

A

**Aneuploidy(incorrect # of chromosomes) could happen if the M checkpoint didn’t occur

32
Q

Anaphase

A

Daughter chromosomes are dragged to the end of the poles

33
Q

Telophase

A

Separated chromosomes start un-condensing
Nuclear envelope and Nucleus starts to form

34
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The division of the rest of the cell into two daughter cells

35
Q

Prokaryotes divide through binary fission. True/False

A

True

36
Q

Binary fission

A

Asexual reproduction by the separation of body to two new bodies

biology 1100 (11 decks)

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