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Biology 1100 > Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Cell Signaling Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three main stages of cell signaling

A

Reception
Transduction
Response

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2
Q

Reception

A

A signaling molecule binds to a protein receptor and make it do things
The receptor can be on the plasma membrane or inside the cell

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3
Q

Transduction

A

A series of relay molecules that carries the signal into the cell and amplifies the signal

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4
Q

Response

A

This goes on inside the cell and activates cellular response

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5
Q

Ligand

A

This is a small molecule that binds. The binding is capable of producing a signal.
**These are signaling molecules

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6
Q

The ligand will only bind and activate one specific receptor protein. True/ False

A

True

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7
Q

List the three general class of receptors

A

G protein-coupled receptors
Receptor tyrosine Kinases
Ion channel receptors

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8
Q

Receptors inside the cell(cytoplasmic) do not responds\ to the membrane-permeable(small and hydrphobic) signals of the cell. True/False

A

False

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9
Q

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR)

A

It has 7 transmembrane domains
When a signaling molecule binds with a GPCR this cause a conformational change in the GPCR.
This change can trigger a reaction with the GPCR and a G protein

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10
Q

G protein

A

This is a membrane bound enzyme that is part of the signal transduction system
G protein can be bound to the GDP(off site) or GTP (on site)

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11
Q

Steps to activate G protein

A
  1. Ligand binds to the GPCR, the receptor changes shape
  2. This allows the G protein to dock it
  3. GDP is released and GTP is loaded in. This activates the g protein
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12
Q

What happens to the activated G protein

A
  1. The activated g protein binds an inactive enzyme and activate it
  2. The enzyme can usually make cyclic AMP (cAMP - Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate)
    3 This can initiate the signal transduction
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13
Q

What happens when GTP is hydrolyzed?

A

When GTP is hydrolyzed, it releases phosphate and turns to GDP

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14
Q

Rhodopsin

A

one of a few GPCR in rod cell(a type of photoreceptors) that make up your eyes

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15
Q

Retinal

A

a small molecule cofactor (non protein or metallic compound that helps the enzyme catalyze reaction) that is bound to the receptor.

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16
Q

A retinal absorbs an incoming photon of light. True/False

A

True. This causes the retinal to go from cis to trans conformation, the GCPR changes shape and start signal transduction

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17
Q

When a ligand binds to a receptor tyrosine kinases what happens?

A

The receptor (single alpha helixes) comes together to form dimer.
**they were separate before.

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18
Q

Kinase

A

An enzyme that can add a phosphate group onto something(other molecules)

19
Q

How is the receptor activated in receptor tyrosine kinases?

A

It is activated when the two monomers add phosphate to the hydroxyl group on the R groups of the tyrosine

20
Q

Does the phosphorylated tyrosines act as docking sites for relay proteins to bind and become activated. True/False

A

True. This action kicks off signal transduction pathways

21
Q

Example of use of GPCR

A

Smell and taste signaling (Ca+ or Na+ channels)
Example of GPCR is epinephrine

22
Q

Examples of use of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases(RTKs)

A

Some RTKs regulate basic cell division like
- Triggering cell division (stem cells)
- Differentiation of cell into different cell types
- Survival of cell: if it goes into the apopthesis(cell suicide) or not.

23
Q

Function of RTKs

A

They trigger cell division and ‘guide’ what type of cell the divided cell will differentiate into.

24
Q

Ligand-gated Ion channel receptors

A

When the ligand come into contact with the Ligand-gated Ion channel receptors, the gate open for the ions. These lets the ions inside (down their concentration gradient), when the ligand leaves the gate closes.

25
Q

The ions don’t activate signal transduction. True/ False

A

False

26
Q

Example of use for Ligand-gated Ion Channel Receptors

A

This happens a lot in neurotransmission

27
Q

Transcription Factors

A

These are proteins that binds to DNA at specific nucleotides. Depending on what the body needs they turn ON or OFF the transcription of specific genes

28
Q

Some ligand cross the plasma membrane. True / False

A

True. An example is steroid

29
Q

Phosphorylation Cascades : process of transduction

A

A relay molecule activate the protein kinase(enzyme) by adding a phosphate. This goes on until a cellular response is made

30
Q

Protein phosphates remove the phosphates from the cellular response. True/ False

A

True. All kinases and everything is shut off

31
Q

Secondary Messengers

A

These are inside the cell. They either trigger other transduction processes, or directly trigger cellular response

32
Q

Examples of Secondary Messengers

A

Calcium Ions
Cyclic AMP

33
Q

Cyclic AMP

A

They are made by ATP. An enzyme called adenylyl cyclase converts ATP into cAMP

34
Q

Phosphodiesterase

A

This breaks the ring of cAMP and turn it into adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

35
Q

Advantage of having a multi-step transduction

A

This allows for greater control of how ‘big’ the signal output will be. Amplification of signal
Different cell types respond/interact to signaling differently
rapid signaling from dilute hormones

36
Q

What are the types of signaling

A

Autocrine
Endocrine
Synaptic
Paracrine
Signal through cell-cell contact

37
Q

Endocrine Signaling

A

This happens in the bloodstream. It occurs over long distance between hormone producing molecules. Often from the brain.

38
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

Occurs between cell in close proximity with each other.

39
Q

Synaptic Signaling

A

Under paracrine signaling. Nerve cells transmit signals. the synapse, the junction between two nerve cells where signal transmission occurs.

40
Q

Autocrine Signaling

A

A cell signals to itself. it releases a ligand that binds to the receptor on its surface

41
Q

Signal through cell-cell contact

A

Gap junction are channels that directly connect neighboring cells

42
Q

Crosstalk

A

The activation of relay molecule(transduction pathway) can influence or inhibit the response of other transduction pathways

43
Q

The different signaling pathways that could happen when a ligand binds to a receptor

A

The normal pathways: signaling molecule -> receptor -> relay molecules - > Response
Signaling Molecule -> Receptor -> different Relay Molecule -> different responses
Crosstalk: two different ligand -> two different receptors -> two different relay molecules that affect each other(increase or inhibit) -> response
same Ligand -> different receptor - > different relay molecules ->Response

Biology 1100 (11 decks)

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