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Sem 1 > MEH endocrinology > Flashcards

MEH endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Peptide hormones

A

insuline, glucagon, GH

water soluble

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2
Q

Glycoproteins

A

FSH, LH, TSH

Water soluble

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3
Q

Amines

A

adrenalines, water soluble

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4
Q

Thyroid and steroid hormones

A

lipid soluble

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5
Q

What promotes hunger

A

NPY and AgRP promote hunger at arcuate nucleus

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6
Q

What promotes satiety

A

POMC

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7
Q

what is released by ileum and colon to suppress appetite

A

PYY

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8
Q

what suppress appetite

A

leptin, insulin and amylin

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9
Q

What increases hunger

A

ghrelin

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10
Q

Hypothalamus regulates

A

thirst

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11
Q

Cortisol

A

lipid soluble, needs carrier protein

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12
Q

Steroid hormones bind to

A

nuclear receptors

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13
Q

features of exocrine pancreas

A

acinar cells (digestive enzymes) and ductal cells (bicarbonate ions)

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14
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Beta insulin and alpha glucagon

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15
Q

Closure of K ATP in beta cell causes

A

depolarisation and exocytosis of insulin due to ATP increased

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16
Q

Diabetes mellitus =

A

Chronic hyperglycaemia. T1 = absolute

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17
Q

Bonds in insulin

A

3 disulphide

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18
Q

Insulin features

A

uses tyrosine kinase receptor, 5 min half life

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19
Q

Glucagon promotes

A

gluconeogenesis

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20
Q

GLUT 2

A

primary transporter in pancreatic beta cells

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21
Q

Kir 6.2 causes

A

neonatal diabetes mellitus if mutated

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22
Q

99% of pancreatic tissue has

A

exocrine function

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23
Q

HbA1c

A

glycosylated form of Hb

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24
Q

Reduced plasma HDL =

A

metabolic syndrome

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25
Q

Normal plasma glucose

A

3.3-6 mmol/litre

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26
Q

Metformin

A

reduces gluconeogenesis, helps in T2

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27
Q

Insulin

A

peptide, broken down in GI to amino acids

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28
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis

A

increased lipolysis

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29
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Anterior (gland, primitive gut)
Posterior (primitive brain, not gland)

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30
Q

hypothalamus produces

A

OT and ADH, released from PP

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31
Q

production of TSH

A

TRH goes to TSH (thyroid)

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32
Q

Production of cortisol

A

CHH goes to ACTH (cortisol, adrenals)

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33
Q

Production of prolactin

A

TRH goes to prolactin (inhibited by PIH/dopamine)

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34
Q

GH production

A

GHRH goes to GH (inhibited by GHIH/somatostatin)

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35
Q

gamete production

A

GnRH goes to LH and FSH

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36
Q

GH –>

A

JAKs –> IGF and transcription factors

37
Q

IGF1 mainly in

A

adults, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, protein synthesis, lipolysis

38
Q

Neurogenic diabetes insipidus

A

lack of ADH/vasopressin

39
Q

Pituitary apoplexy

A

impaired blood supply of pituitary

40
Q

Treat prolactinoma with

A

bromocriptine (dopamine agonist)

41
Q

Galactorrhoea =

A

milky secretion from breast

42
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

aldosterone (Na/K)

43
Q

Zona fasciculata

44
Q

Zona reticularis

45
Q

Renin cleaves

A

Angiotensinogen to AG1

46
Q

ACE cleaves

A

Ag1 to Ag2, increase bp and bv

47
Q

primary hyperaldosteronism

A

low renin, aldosterone secreting tumour, adrenal hyperplasia, Conns

48
Q

secondary hyperaldosteronism

A

high renin, renin tumour, renal artery stenosis

49
Q

What is spironolactone

A

mineralocorticoid receptor agonist

50
Q

Cortisol

A

regulates gene transcription, carried by transcortin, catabolic effects and increased gluconeogenesis

51
Q

Cortisol

A

Increased liver glycogen, redistribution of fat, increased protein degredation

52
Q

Addisons

A

chronic adrenal insufficiency

53
Q

Hyperpigmentation

A

low cortisol, less anterior pituitary negative feedback, POMC increases, ACTH and MSH increase

54
Q

Alpha 1 =

A

Gaq = IP3 and diacylglycerol

55
Q

Adrenaline produced by

A

methylation of noradrenaline by methyl transferase

56
Q

Short synnacthem test

A

Addison’s (ACTH, adrenal functions)

57
Q

Cushings DISEASE

A

ACTH and cortisol high

58
Q

ACTH increases in Addison’s as

A

no neg feedback cortisol

59
Q

Measurement of urine metanephrine =

A

best for diagnosing phaeochromocytoma

60
Q

Secondary adrenal insufficiency

61
Q

Where is thyroid gland

A

below thyroid cartilage, 2 lobes and isthmus

62
Q

PT chief cells

A

PTH, T follicular –> TH, TP follicular –> calcitriol

63
Q

Carbimazole

A

inhibits thyroid peroxidase, iodine to I2, add to tyrosine, couple to DIT

64
Q

T4 to T3

A

liver and kidneys, thyroxine binding globulin

65
Q

TSH to

A

Gas/q, catabolic effects, sympathetic, BMR

66
Q

Hashimotos’

A

autoimmune thyroid follicle destruction

67
Q

Graves

A

TSI, v low TSH

68
Q

T3 and T4

A

T3 is more potent
T4 has longer half life

nuclear receptors

69
Q

Thyroid gland moved up due to

A

pre tracheal fascia

70
Q

Amiodarone

A

disrupts thyroid function

71
Q

TSH

A

glycoprotein, TSH increase = no neg feedback, hyperthyroidism

72
Q

Calcium metabolism

A

controlled by parathyroid glands and vitamin D

73
Q

Increased PTH

A

increased calcium

74
Q

High calcium and low PTH =

75
Q

Vit D deficiency

A

low calcium high PTH

76
Q

Calcitriol

A

increases calcium absorption (calcitriol = active vitamin D)

77
Q

Calcium receptors on PT gland

A

G protein coupled

78
Q

PtHrP

A

produced by some cancer

79
Q

PTH promotes

A

calcitriol formation

80
Q

estriol and progesterone and corticotropin releasing hormone

A

produced by placenta

81
Q

2nd half of pregnancy

A

fatty acids, not glucose

82
Q

hepatic gluconeogenesis

A

increases during exercise

83
Q

Gestational diabetes

84
Q

Early pregnancy

A

anabolic state

85
Q

Acetone =

A

pear drop smell

86
Q

Less severe form of galactosaemia

A

only galactose accumulates, deficient in galactokinase, rare

87
Q

Absence of transferase

A

galactose and galactose 1 phosphate accumulate

88
Q

Low creatinine in urine but high in blood =

A

decreased kidney function

89
Q

Parathyroid hormone related peptide =

A

produced by some tumours and associated with hypercalcaemia

Sem 1 (10 decks)

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