MEH 2 - Intro To Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by ‘transport work’ in cells?

A

Energy required for movement of ions and nutrients across membranes

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2
Q

What does ATP split into after it is used to provide energy?

A

ADP and Pi

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3
Q

What is the official SI unit of food energy?

A

Kilojoule

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4
Q

What is the general formula of a carbohydrate?

A

(CH2O)n

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5
Q

Put these in order of smallest to largest:

Oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, polysaccharides

A
  • monosaccharides (single sugar units)
  • disaccharides (2 units)
  • oligosaccharides (3-12 units)
  • polysaccharides (10-1000s units)
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6
Q

Give an example of a polysaccharide

A

Glycogen, starch, cellulose

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7
Q

Give some examples of dietary disaccharides

A
  • sucrose (glucose-fructose)
  • lactose (galactose-glucose)
  • maltose (glucose-glucose)
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8
Q

True or false - starch is the main carbohydrate storage molecule in animals?

A

False - it’s the main storage molecule in plants. Glycogen is the main carbohydrate storage molecule in animals

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9
Q

What are the nine essential amino acids that cannot be synthesised by the body and must be obtained from other sources?

(Remember the mnemonic: ‘if learned this huge list may prove truly valuable’)

A
  • isoleucine
  • lysine
  • threonine
  • histidine
  • leucine
  • methionine
  • phenylalanine
  • tryptophan
  • valine
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10
Q

What is fat composed of?

A

Lipids composed of triacylglycerols (3 fatty acids esterified to one glycerol)

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11
Q

Which vitamins are fat-soluble?

A

Vitamins A, D, E and K

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12
Q

Sodium, potassium and chloride are electrolytes. What are these required for?

A

They establish ion gradients across membranes, and maintain water balance

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13
Q

What is the routine maintenance amount of water that should be given through IV fluids?

A

30 ml/kg/day

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14
Q

Give some examples of dietary fibre

A
  • cellulose
  • lignin
  • pectins
  • gums
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15
Q

Why can humans not digest cellulose?

A

We do not make the required enzymes to break the beta-1,4 linkages in cellulose

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16
Q

What is the recommended average intake of dietary fibre?

A

18g/day

17
Q

What are the consequences of a low fibre intake?

A

Constipation and bowel cancer

18
Q

What are the benefits of a high fibre intake?

A

Lowers cholesterol and risk of diabetes

19
Q

What are dietary reference values?

A

A series of estimates of the amount of energy and nutrients needed by different groups of healthy UK population

20
Q

Which factors determine nutrient requirements?

A

Age, gender and level of physical activity

21
Q

What is daily energy expenditure the sum of?

A
  • basal metabolic rate
  • diet-induced thermogenesis (energy required to process food)
  • physical activity level
22
Q

Give some factors that affect basal metabolic rate (the value that maintains resting activities of the body)

A
  • body size
  • gender
  • environmental temperature
  • endocrine status
  • body temperature
23
Q

What is obesity?

A

Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue which impairs health

24
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

Weight (kg) / height squared (metres squared)

25
Q

Which group of individuals may be wrongly classified as obese in the BMI scale?

A

Very muscular individuals

26
Q

Under which BMI value are people classified as underweight?

A

18.5

27
Q

What is the BMI range for a desirable weight?

A

18.5 - 24.9

28
Q

What is BMI range for overweight?

A

25 - 29.9

29
Q

What is the BMI range for obese?

A

30 - 34.9

30
Q

Over which BMI value are people classified as severely obese?

A

35

31
Q

Give an alternative measurement that can be used instead of BMI

A

Waist/hip ratio

32
Q

Are the BMI classifications different for men and women?

A

No - the same values correspond to the same classification

33
Q

What problems are associated with having a greater proportion of fat in upper body/abdomen?

A
  • insulin resistance
  • hyperinsulinism
  • type 2 diabetes
  • hypertension
  • hyperlipidaemia
  • stroke
  • premature death
34
Q

How can malnutrition lead to oedema?

A

Low protein intake can result in insufficient blood protein synthesis leading to a decrease in plasma oncotic pressure, and formation of oedema