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History > Medicine - WW1 > Flashcards

Medicine - WW1 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did World War One begin ?

A

4th August 1914

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2
Q

What countries were in the triple alliance ?

A

Germany, Italy, Austria Hungary

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3
Q

What countries were in the triple entente ?

A

Britain, France, Russia

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4
Q

How many casualties were there in the British sector of the western front ?

A

2.7 million

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5
Q

What percentage of injured were not seen by a medical professional?

A

25%

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6
Q

How many people who were treated died of there wounds ?

A

150,000 or 6%

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7
Q

What were the problems with x rays before ww1 ?

A

Burns, hair loss, expensive and fragile glass tubes, bulky machines, takes 90 mins

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8
Q

What were the 5 battles of ww1 ?

A

Ypres, Ypres, Somme, Cambrai and Arras

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9
Q

When was the first battle of Ypres ?

A

1914

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10
Q

When was the second battle of Ypres ?

A

1915

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11
Q

When was The Somme battle ?

A

1916

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12
Q

When did the Cambrai battle happen ?

A

1917

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13
Q

What year was the battle of Arras ?

A

1917

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14
Q

What was the first battle of Ypres famous for ?

A

Hill 60

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15
Q

Why was Hill 60 an advantage ?

A

Germans could fire from above, better drainage, less muddy

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16
Q

How was Hill 60 destroyed ?

A

April 1915
British mined below and used explosives to blow up

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17
Q

Why was the second battle of Ypres important ?

A

Germans 1st use of poison gas in combat

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18
Q

Why was the battle of The Somme so significant ?

A

Large number of casualties
Britain 57,000 casualties (20,000 deaths) on day one
400,000 casualties in total

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19
Q

What technique was used by the British so they could advance ?

A

The creeping barrage of

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20
Q

Which battle was the first to use tanks ?

A

The Somme

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21
Q

Why was the battle of Cambrai significant ?

A

First large scale use of tanks

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22
Q

Why was the battle of Arras important ?

A

Underground tunnels

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23
Q

How many miles of tunnels were built in Arras in 5 months ?

A

2.5 miles

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24
Q

How many people could the tunnels of Arras hold ?

A

25,000

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25
Q

What features did the underground tunnels of Arras include ?

A

Electric lights, running water, hospital, 700 beds

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26
Q

Name the 4 ways to transport the wounded ?

A

Stretcher bearers, horse drawn carriages, motor ambulances, train canal and ship ambulances

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27
Q

Negatives of stretcher bearers ?

A

Wounded could only be collected at night, hard to manoeuvre

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28
Q

Negatives of horse drawn carriages to transport wounded ?

A

Couldn’t cope with the number of wounded, shaky transport made injuries worse

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29
Q

Negative of transporting wounded with motor ambulances?

A

Worse the terrain the less effective they were

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30
Q

Negatives of using trains and boats to transporting wounded ?

A

Slow boats, trains blocking supply routes

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31
Q

How did soldiers get trench foot ?

A

From standing in waterlogged trenches

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32
Q

Attempted solutions of trench foot ?

A

Whale oil on feet, changed socks twice a day, attempts to pump out water and improve duckboards

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33
Q

What caused trench fever ?

A

Lice bites

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34
Q

How many people did trench fever affect ?

A

500,000 on western front

35
Q

Attempted solutions of trench fever ?

A

Delousing stations, disinfected clothes, men bathed and sprayed with chemicals

36
Q

3 gases used in ww1 and when they were first used ?

A

Chlorine 1915
Phosgene 1915
Mustard gas 1917

37
Q

Attempted solutions of gas attacks ?

A

Cotton pads soaked with urine, gas masks

38
Q

How many people did gas kill in the war ?

A

6000

39
Q

How many troops experienced shell shock ?

A

80,000

40
Q

What was shell shock known as at the time ?

A

NYD.N

41
Q

What happened to many soldiers with shell shock ?

A

They were accused of cowardice and shot

42
Q

Why did head wound injuries decrease ?

A

Introduction of Brodie steel helmet instead of felt cap in 1915

43
Q

Fatal head wounds decreased by … on the Western front after the Brodie helmet ?

A

80%

44
Q

What percentage of all wounds were caused by shrapnel?

A

58%

45
Q

What percentage of shrapnel wounds were in limbs ?

A

60%

46
Q

What was a cause of infection during ww1 ?

A

Dirty mud water and manure fertilizer

47
Q

What happened to gas gangrene wounds ?

A

They swelled with gas and turned green

48
Q

What was the survival rate of a gunshot wound in leg at start of ww1 ?

A

20%

49
Q

5 stages in the chain of evacuation ?

A

Stretcher bearers / walking wounded
Regimental aid post
Dressing station
Casualty clearing station
Base hospitals

50
Q

How many stretcher bearers were there per battalion ?

A

16 per battalion

51
Q

How far away was the RAP from the front line ?

A

200 meters

52
Q

What did the Regimental Aid Post consist of ?

A

A basic medical officer for basic first aid

53
Q

How far away from the RAP was the dressing stations ?

A

400 metres

54
Q

What is a triage system ?

A

The allocation of treatment for patients

55
Q

How far away was the CCS from the front line ?

A

7 miles away

56
Q

What could take place at the CCS ?

A

Operations/amputations, later transfusions and x rays

57
Q

What percentage of patients died at the Casualty Clearing Stations ?

A

Only 4%

58
Q

Where were the base hospitals located ?

A

Near French/Belgium coastline

59
Q

What would take place at base hospitals ?

A

Specialist complex surgeries, brain, plastic surgery

60
Q

What did RAMC stand for during ww1 ?

A

Royal Army Medical Core

61
Q

What did FANY stand for during ww1 ?

A

First Aid Nursing Yeomanry

62
Q

What was FANY in ww1 ?

A

The first women’s organization to send volunteers to the Western Front

63
Q

How many drivers/ambulances did the Calais ambulance unit include ?

A

22 drivers and 12 ambulances

64
Q

What did FANY set up ?

A

Mobile bath units

65
Q

Name 3 ways to treat infection ?

A

Amputation, wound excision, Carrel-Dakin method

66
Q

How many people lost limbs to prevent death by 1918 ?

A

Over 240 000

67
Q

How many people had artificial limbs fitted due to the war ?

A

24 000

68
Q

What was wound excision ?

A

Cutting away dead, damaged or infected tissue

69
Q

What was the Carrel-Dakin method for ?

A

Gas gangrene

70
Q

What happened during the Carrel-Dakin method ?

A

Sterilized salt solution was put in wound through a tube

71
Q

What was used to keep bones rigid if shot ?

A

Thomas splint

72
Q

After the RAMC started using the Thomas Splint in 1915 what happened to the survival rate ?

A

It increased from 20% to 82%

73
Q

How many mobile x ray vans were on the Western Front ?

A

6

74
Q

What were the Mobile X ray units nicknamed ?

A

Petit Curies

75
Q

Name some disadvantages to mobile x ray units during ww1 ?

A

Took a long time
Tubes overheated
Can’t detect non metals like clothes
Lower quality than base hospitals

76
Q

When did blood transfusions begin at the CCS ?

A

1917

77
Q

Who designed/ created a small portable blood transfusion kit ?

A

Dr Geoffrey Keynes

78
Q

Who discovered that sodium citrate could stop the blood clotting for 2 days and when ?

A

Richard Lewisohn in 1915

79
Q

Who discovered that adding citrate glucose solution to blood could stop it clotting for 4 weeks ?

A

Rous and Turner

80
Q

Who stored units of blood in bottles during Cambrai and how many ?

A

Oswald Robertson, 22 units

81
Q

How did Harvey Cushing decrease deaths from head wounds ?

A
  • magnets to remove metal from brain
  • local Anaesthetic to stop swelling
  • moved head injuries to CCS
  • allowed men 3 weeks to recover
  • checked all head wounds
82
Q

Who developed plastic surgery during the war and what did he use ?

A

Dr Harold Gillies
Skin grafts and jaw splints

83
Q

During ww1 how many plastic surgery operations took place in Britain/France ?

A

Over 12,000

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