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Medicine - Industrial Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 7 important individuals in the industrial period

A

Edward Jenner, James Simpson, John Snow, Florence Nightingale, Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, Robert Koch

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2
Q

What is Edward Jenner known for ?

A

Creating the first vaccine

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3
Q

How did people previously treat disease ?

A

Innnoculation

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4
Q

How did people inoculate people from smallpox ?

A

Spreading pus from a smallpox pustule into a cut in the skin of a healthy person

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5
Q

What did Jenner discover about milkmaids ?

A

He discovered that milkmaids who caught cowpox never caught smallpox

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6
Q

When did Jenner publish his findings on vaccines ?

A

1798

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7
Q

How many people did smallpox kill in 1837-40

A

35000

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8
Q

When was smallpox vaccine made compulsory

A

1852

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9
Q

How many people got the smallpox vaccine?

A

Over 100000

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10
Q

What was James Simpson known for ?

A

First effective anaesthetic

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11
Q

Why was laughing gas not effective ?

A

It only provided local relief

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12
Q

Why was ether ineffective?

A

It made patients sick and was highly flammable

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13
Q

When did Simpson discover chloroform ?

A

1847

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14
Q

What did James Simpson use as an anesthetic ?

A

Chloroform

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15
Q

How did Simpson discover that chloroform was an effective anesthetic ?

A

In 1947, him and some friends sniffed a bottle of chloroform which knocked them out without any side effects

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16
Q

What did John Snow discover ?

A

The cause of cholera

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17
Q

When did Cholera first arrive in London ?

A

1832

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18
Q

How many deaths were recorded in London 1832 from cholera ?

A

5275

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19
Q

What was John Snows book called ?

A

On the mode of communication of cholera

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20
Q

When did John Snow publish his book about Cholera ?

A

1849

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21
Q

What 2 theories did Snow write about in his book ?

A
  • cholera was not caused by miasma (affected stomach)
  • cholera was caused by contaminated drinking water caused by throwing faeces in drains
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22
Q

What type of map did
Snow create in 1854 ?

A

A spot map

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23
Q

Where on Snows map was there high causes of cholera?

A

Broad street

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24
Q

How did John Snow prove cholera was caused by the Broad street pump ?

A

He removed the pumps handle so they had to use another

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25
Q

What did they discover near the Broad Street pump ?

A

A cracked cesspit one meter away

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26
Q

When was the new sewer system in London completed ?

A

1875

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27
Q

What was “The great stink” ?

A

When the Thames dried up revealing stinking sewage

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28
Q

When was the great stink ?

A

1858

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29
Q

What was Florence Nightingales nickname ?

A

The lady with the lamp

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30
Q

When was the Crimean war ?

A

1854

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31
Q

How many wounded soldiers died due to disease and infection during the Crimean war ?

A

16 000

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32
Q

How many nurses did Nightingale take to a Scutari army hospital ?

A

38

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33
Q

What are some changes Nightingale made to the hospital ?

A
  • mops, buckets and 300 scrubbing brushes given out
  • good meals and clean bedding for the soldiers
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34
Q

What happened to the death rate in the hospital after Nightingale arrived ?

A

Fell from 40% to 2% in 6 months

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35
Q

What theory did Florence Nightingale believe in ?

A

Miasma

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36
Q

When Nightingale returned to Britain how much money did she raise to help train nurses ?

A

£44000

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37
Q

What 2 books did Nightingale publish and when’s?

A
  • notes on nursing 1859
  • notes on hospitals and 1863
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38
Q

Where was Nightingale school ?

A

St Thomas’ hospital

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39
Q

How many trained nurses were there in England by 1900 ?

A

64 000

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40
Q

What did Nightingale promote in hospitals ?

A
  • clean water
  • ventilation
  • good food
  • clean clothes
41
Q

What changes were highlighted in the pavilion plan ?

A
  • bigger windows
  • larger rooms
  • isolation wards
  • easy to clean materials (tiles)
42
Q

How many small cottage hospitals were there by 1900 ?

A

300

43
Q

How many voluntary hospitals were there in London ?

A

18

44
Q

What happened from 1867 relating to hospitals ?

A

Infirmaries started in workhouses

45
Q

What was a problem with hospitals during the industrial period ?

A

They remained expensive

46
Q

What were apothecaries now known as ?

A

Pharmacies

47
Q

When was boots founded ?

A

1849

48
Q

When was the first pill machine created ?

A

1844

49
Q

What treatments started in the industrial period ?

A

Electric shocks and injection with animal hormones

50
Q

Did quack remedies remain popular ?

A

Yes

51
Q

Name a popular quack remedy in the industrial period

A

“Lily the pinks medicinal compound”

52
Q

What theory did Louis Pasteur create ?

A

Germ theory

53
Q

What 2 theories did people believe in before germ theory ?

A

Miasma
Spontaneous generation

54
Q

What is the idea of spontaneous generation?

A

Microbes are the product of disease, living organisms originate from inanimate objects

55
Q

When did Pasteur come up with germ theory ?

A

1861

56
Q

What did Pasteur claim ?

A
  • microbes caused decay and disease
  • air is full of microbes
  • microbes can be killed by heating them
57
Q

What is the idea that microbes can be killed by heating them ?

A

Pasteurization

58
Q

How did Pasteur prove germ theory ?

A

Experiments on milk, beer, animals and an open vs closed flask

59
Q

What did Pasteur prove in 1865 ?

A

That disease in animals is caused by germs (pebribe silkworm epidemic)

60
Q

What 3 things did Pasteur do in 1879 ?

A

Showed how anthrax infects animals
Showed germs carried by nurses cause disease in hospitals
Discovered the vaccine for chicken Cholera

61
Q

What did Pasteur discover in 1881 and how ?

A

Vaccine for anthrax, public experiment on sheep

62
Q

What did Pasteur discover in 1885 ?

A

The vaccine for rabies (saved a 14 yr old boy who was bitted by a rabid dog)

63
Q

What did Lister discover ?

A

The first effective antiseptic

64
Q

What did Lister use as an antiseptic ?

A

Carbolic acid

65
Q

When did Lister first use carbolic acid soaked bandages ?

A

In 1865

66
Q

What injury did Lister first use carbolic acid on ?

A

A broken leg

67
Q

What did Lister start doing in 1866 ?

A

Using carbolic acid on medical instruments, operating room and air

68
Q

What happened to the death rate in Listers hospital ?

A

Reduced from 46% to 15%

69
Q

Where did Lister publish his work ?

A

In the Lancet (medical journal)

70
Q

What did Lister claim in 1867 ?

A

That his hospital wards had been free from infection for 9 months

71
Q

What were some negatives of carbolic acid ?

A

It dried out the skin and left a bad smell

72
Q

What did the discovery of carbolic acid lead to ?

A

New successful surgeries

73
Q

When was the first removal of an infected appendix ?

A

1880

74
Q

When was the first heart operation ?

A

1896

75
Q

What is aseptic surgery ?

A

Germ free surgery

76
Q

What happened in hospitals 1887 ?

A

All instruments were sterilized and steam cleaned

77
Q

How did people try and use aseptic surgery ?

A
  • sterilized medical equipment
  • theaters scrubbed clean
  • doctors/nurses sterilized their hands
  • staff wore sterile gowns, gloves, headwear
78
Q

Who created surgical gloves and when ?

A

William Harstead in 1889

79
Q

What did Koch discover ?

A

Specific bacteria

80
Q

What did Koch discover in 1876 ?

A

The anthrax bacteria

81
Q

What did Koch do ?

A

Discover the first specific microbe that caused a specific disease

82
Q

Name 2 things Koch did to view bacteria ?

A
  • stained bacteria
  • used photography (zeiss lens)
83
Q

What did Koch discover in 1878 ?

A

Septicaemia bacteria

84
Q

What did Koch discover when in 1882 ?

A

Germ that caused Tuberculosis

85
Q

What did Koch discover in 1883 ?

A

The cholera bacteria

86
Q

When did Koch first grow germs and what on ?

A

1880, potatoes and solid agar jelly

87
Q

What 4 other bacteria’s did other scientists discover and when ?

A
  • tetanus in 1884
  • pneumonia in 1886
  • meningitis in 1887
  • plague in 1894
88
Q

What are some changes made due to the 1875 public health act ?

A
  • clean water
  • public parks
  • public toilets
  • public health officers to monitor disease outbreaks
  • new housing of better quality
  • removal of sewage to prevent the pollution of water
  • checking the quality of shop food
89
Q

Why did the government pass the 1875 public health act ?

A
  • Edwin Chadwick’s report
  • Lower life expectancy
  • The great stink
  • population increase
  • cholera epidemics
  • working class vote
  • little impact from 1848 health act
90
Q

Why did the 1848 public health act have little impact ?

A

It was not compulsory

91
Q

When we’re working class men given the right to vote ?

A

1869

92
Q

What did the population to from 1700-1900 ?

A

10 mil to 42 mil

93
Q

Why did the the population increase cause disease ?

A

As the crowded conditions meant that disease spread between people more easily, dirty conditions

94
Q

How many miles of new sewers were built in London ?

A

1300 miles

95
Q

What did Edwin Chadwick publish ?

A

Report on the sanitary conditions of the laboring classes

96
Q

What did Edwin Chadwick prove ?

A

That people in cities had a lower life expectancy

97
Q

What was the average life expectancy of factory workers in the industrial period ?

A

15

98
Q

Why was the life expectancy so low ?

A

Filthy conditions

History (5 decks)

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