Medicine - Industrial Flashcards
Name 7 important individuals in the industrial period
Edward Jenner, James Simpson, John Snow, Florence Nightingale, Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, Robert Koch
What is Edward Jenner known for ?
Creating the first vaccine
How did people previously treat disease ?
Innnoculation
How did people inoculate people from smallpox ?
Spreading pus from a smallpox pustule into a cut in the skin of a healthy person
What did Jenner discover about milkmaids ?
He discovered that milkmaids who caught cowpox never caught smallpox
When did Jenner publish his findings on vaccines ?
1798
How many people did smallpox kill in 1837-40
35000
When was smallpox vaccine made compulsory
1852
How many people got the smallpox vaccine?
Over 100000
What was James Simpson known for ?
First effective anaesthetic
Why was laughing gas not effective ?
It only provided local relief
Why was ether ineffective?
It made patients sick and was highly flammable
When did Simpson discover chloroform ?
1847
What did James Simpson use as an anesthetic ?
Chloroform
How did Simpson discover that chloroform was an effective anesthetic ?
In 1947, him and some friends sniffed a bottle of chloroform which knocked them out without any side effects
What did John Snow discover ?
The cause of cholera
When did Cholera first arrive in London ?
1832
How many deaths were recorded in London 1832 from cholera ?
5275
What was John Snows book called ?
On the mode of communication of cholera
When did John Snow publish his book about Cholera ?
1849
What 2 theories did Snow write about in his book ?
- cholera was not caused by miasma (affected stomach)
- cholera was caused by contaminated drinking water caused by throwing faeces in drains
What type of map did
Snow create in 1854 ?
A spot map
Where on Snows map was there high causes of cholera?
Broad street
How did John Snow prove cholera was caused by the Broad street pump ?
He removed the pumps handle so they had to use another
What did they discover near the Broad Street pump ?
A cracked cesspit one meter away
When was the new sewer system in London completed ?
1875
What was “The great stink” ?
When the Thames dried up revealing stinking sewage
When was the great stink ?
1858
What was Florence Nightingales nickname ?
The lady with the lamp
When was the Crimean war ?
1854
How many wounded soldiers died due to disease and infection during the Crimean war ?
16 000
How many nurses did Nightingale take to a Scutari army hospital ?
38
What are some changes Nightingale made to the hospital ?
- mops, buckets and 300 scrubbing brushes given out
- good meals and clean bedding for the soldiers
What happened to the death rate in the hospital after Nightingale arrived ?
Fell from 40% to 2% in 6 months
What theory did Florence Nightingale believe in ?
Miasma
When Nightingale returned to Britain how much money did she raise to help train nurses ?
£44000
What 2 books did Nightingale publish and when’s?
- notes on nursing 1859
- notes on hospitals and 1863
Where was Nightingale school ?
St Thomas’ hospital
How many trained nurses were there in England by 1900 ?
64 000
What did Nightingale promote in hospitals ?
- clean water
- ventilation
- good food
- clean clothes
What changes were highlighted in the pavilion plan ?
- bigger windows
- larger rooms
- isolation wards
- easy to clean materials (tiles)
How many small cottage hospitals were there by 1900 ?
300
How many voluntary hospitals were there in London ?
18
What happened from 1867 relating to hospitals ?
Infirmaries started in workhouses
What was a problem with hospitals during the industrial period ?
They remained expensive
What were apothecaries now known as ?
Pharmacies
When was boots founded ?
1849
When was the first pill machine created ?
1844
What treatments started in the industrial period ?
Electric shocks and injection with animal hormones
Did quack remedies remain popular ?
Yes
Name a popular quack remedy in the industrial period
“Lily the pinks medicinal compound”
What theory did Louis Pasteur create ?
Germ theory
What 2 theories did people believe in before germ theory ?
Miasma
Spontaneous generation
What is the idea of spontaneous generation?
Microbes are the product of disease, living organisms originate from inanimate objects
When did Pasteur come up with germ theory ?
1861
What did Pasteur claim ?
- microbes caused decay and disease
- air is full of microbes
- microbes can be killed by heating them
What is the idea that microbes can be killed by heating them ?
Pasteurization
How did Pasteur prove germ theory ?
Experiments on milk, beer, animals and an open vs closed flask
What did Pasteur prove in 1865 ?
That disease in animals is caused by germs (pebribe silkworm epidemic)
What 3 things did Pasteur do in 1879 ?
Showed how anthrax infects animals
Showed germs carried by nurses cause disease in hospitals
Discovered the vaccine for chicken Cholera
What did Pasteur discover in 1881 and how ?
Vaccine for anthrax, public experiment on sheep
What did Pasteur discover in 1885 ?
The vaccine for rabies (saved a 14 yr old boy who was bitted by a rabid dog)
What did Lister discover ?
The first effective antiseptic
What did Lister use as an antiseptic ?
Carbolic acid
When did Lister first use carbolic acid soaked bandages ?
In 1865
What injury did Lister first use carbolic acid on ?
A broken leg
What did Lister start doing in 1866 ?
Using carbolic acid on medical instruments, operating room and air
What happened to the death rate in Listers hospital ?
Reduced from 46% to 15%
Where did Lister publish his work ?
In the Lancet (medical journal)
What did Lister claim in 1867 ?
That his hospital wards had been free from infection for 9 months
What were some negatives of carbolic acid ?
It dried out the skin and left a bad smell
What did the discovery of carbolic acid lead to ?
New successful surgeries
When was the first removal of an infected appendix ?
1880
When was the first heart operation ?
1896
What is aseptic surgery ?
Germ free surgery
What happened in hospitals 1887 ?
All instruments were sterilized and steam cleaned
How did people try and use aseptic surgery ?
- sterilized medical equipment
- theaters scrubbed clean
- doctors/nurses sterilized their hands
- staff wore sterile gowns, gloves, headwear
Who created surgical gloves and when ?
William Harstead in 1889
What did Koch discover ?
Specific bacteria
What did Koch discover in 1876 ?
The anthrax bacteria
What did Koch do ?
Discover the first specific microbe that caused a specific disease
Name 2 things Koch did to view bacteria ?
- stained bacteria
- used photography (zeiss lens)
What did Koch discover in 1878 ?
Septicaemia bacteria
What did Koch discover when in 1882 ?
Germ that caused Tuberculosis
What did Koch discover in 1883 ?
The cholera bacteria
When did Koch first grow germs and what on ?
1880, potatoes and solid agar jelly
What 4 other bacteria’s did other scientists discover and when ?
- tetanus in 1884
- pneumonia in 1886
- meningitis in 1887
- plague in 1894
What are some changes made due to the 1875 public health act ?
- clean water
- public parks
- public toilets
- public health officers to monitor disease outbreaks
- new housing of better quality
- removal of sewage to prevent the pollution of water
- checking the quality of shop food
Why did the government pass the 1875 public health act ?
- Edwin Chadwick’s report
- Lower life expectancy
- The great stink
- population increase
- cholera epidemics
- working class vote
- little impact from 1848 health act
Why did the 1848 public health act have little impact ?
It was not compulsory
When we’re working class men given the right to vote ?
1869
What did the population to from 1700-1900 ?
10 mil to 42 mil
Why did the the population increase cause disease ?
As the crowded conditions meant that disease spread between people more easily, dirty conditions
How many miles of new sewers were built in London ?
1300 miles
What did Edwin Chadwick publish ?
Report on the sanitary conditions of the laboring classes
What did Edwin Chadwick prove ?
That people in cities had a lower life expectancy
What was the average life expectancy of factory workers in the industrial period ?
15
Why was the life expectancy so low ?
Filthy conditions
