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Medicine - Modern Flashcards

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1
Q

Name 9 ways of diagnosing disease in the modern period

A

Blood tests, Biopsy’s, blood sugar monitoring, c t scans, MRI scans, ECGS, Ultrasound, x-rays, endoscopes

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2
Q

When were blood tests first used?

A

1939s

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3
Q

Name a condition that can be diagnosed from blood tests ?

A

Anaemia

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4
Q

What is a biopsy ?

A

A sample of human tissue used to identify disease

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5
Q

When was the modern period ?

A

1900-present

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6
Q

What does blood sugar monitoring allow people to do ?

A

Allows those with diabetes to check blood sugar levels

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7
Q

What are ct scans ?

A

Advanced x rays which can be used to diagnose tumors such as cancer

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8
Q

What are MRI scans ?

A

Scans which use magnets and radio waves to create an internal image of the body

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9
Q

What can MRI scans diagnose ?

A

Soft tissue and ligament damage

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10
Q

What are ECGS ?

A

echocardiograms use electrical impulses to track heart activity after heart attacks

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11
Q

What is an ultrasound ?

A

Sound waves creating a picture of inside the body

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12
Q

What can ultrasounds diagnose ?

A

Kidney stones

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13
Q

Which decade were x rays first used ?

A

1890s

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14
Q

What can x rays diagnose ?

A

Broken bones

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15
Q

What are endoscopes and what do they do ?

A

Small flexible cameras that look at digestive system problems and can take biopsy’s of tissue

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16
Q

What is the effect of these disease diagnosis techniques in the modern period ?

A

Makes diagnosis more accurate which makes the welfare of the individual better

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17
Q

Name 8 lifestyle choices that can cause disease

A

Poverty, obesity, unprotected sex, alcohol, drugs, poor diet, smoking, stress

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18
Q

What diseases can smoking cause ?

A
  • lung, throat, mouth cancer
  • high blood pressure
  • heart disease
  • gum disease
  • tooth decay
  • lung cancer
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19
Q

What diseases can a poor diet cause ?

A

Heart disease
Type 2 diabetes

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20
Q

What diseases can alcohol cause ?

A

Liver disease
Kidney problems

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21
Q

How can taking drugs spread disease ?

A

Unclean needles

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22
Q

What diseases can unprotected sex cause ?

A

STDs
HIV - aids
Herpes

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23
Q

What diseases can a lack of exercise/obesity cause ?

A

Heart disease
Diabetes

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24
Q

What book did Charles Booth write ?

A

The Life and Labour of the People in London
- 35 % of people lived in poverty

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25
Q

Who was involved in the discovery of DNA ?

A

Crick, Watson, Franklin, Wilkins

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26
Q

What did Watson and crick discover together, when ?

A

The structure of DNA
1953

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27
Q

What did Watson and Crick prove ?

A

That DNA was in every human cell and was passed down from parent to child through their genes

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28
Q

What did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins do ?

A

Identified DNA and developed a technique to photograph DNA

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29
Q

When was the Human Genome project ?

A

1990-2003

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30
Q

What was the human genome project ?

A

The process of identifying each purpose of every gene in the body

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31
Q

What was the impact of the human genome project ?

A

It helped people understand the causes of genetic diseases and meant we can now look for mistakes in the DNA of people suffering from hereditary diseases

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32
Q

What is the result of the improved understanding of DNA ?

A
  • can identify specific genetic disorders
  • can predict if you have a higher risk of developing some cancers
  • gene therapy (sickle cell anaemia)
  • can screen for breast cancer and offer a mastectomy
  • parents offered abortions for embryos with early signs of down syndrome
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33
Q

What contributed to the discovery of DNA ?

A
  • microscope technology
  • X-ray technology (crystallography)
  • modern communication methods
  • 1931 electron microscope
  • individuals
  • government funding
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34
Q

What is Paul Ehrlich best known for ?

A

His work towards the development of magic bullets

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35
Q

What was the magic bullet called ?

A

Salvarsan 606

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36
Q

What was Salvarsan 606 used to treat ?

A

Syphilis

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37
Q

What was a disadvantage to Salvarsan 606 ?

A

It was made using arsenic and was poisonous

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38
Q

What was another important magic bullet ?

A

Prontosil

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39
Q

What did the prontosil magic bullet kill ?

A

The bacteria causing blood poisoning

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40
Q

What was the key ingredient of prontosil ?

A

Sulphonamide

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41
Q

What was the impact of magic bullets ?

A

Doctors able to create new drugs to cure many diseases
Mothers dying from postnatal infections dropped 20% - 5%

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42
Q

Who first discovered Penicillin killed bacteria and when ?

A

Lister in 1884
But didn’t pursue further

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43
Q

When did Fleming accidentally discover penicillin ?

A

1928

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44
Q

What did Fleming do after he discovered penicillin ?

A

Diluted it and found out it could kill bacteria outside of the body

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45
Q

When did Florey and Chain create pure penicillin ?

A

1938

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46
Q

What was pure penicillin able to do ?

A

Kill bacteria inside of the body (septicemia)

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47
Q

How much money did the British/ American government give to Florey and Chain for research ?

A
  • British - £25
  • USA - enough for 5 years research
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48
Q

What did penicillin manage to do in 1941 ?

A

Worked to cure a policeman with septicemia until it ran out (he died)

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49
Q

How many pharmaceutical companies mass produced penicillin during ww2 ?

A

21

50
Q

Who funded the mass production of penicillin during ww2 ?

A

The US government

51
Q

How many penicillin doses were given out to the army during ww2 ?

A

2.3 million doses

52
Q

What was the effect of the discovery of penicillin ?

A
  • deaths by disease significantly dropped from the 1940s
  • streptomycin discovered 1943 (cured tuberculosis)
  • superbugs MRSA becoming resistant
53
Q

What treatments continued to the modern period ?

A
  • herbal remedies
  • treatments still passed down
  • Boots and Beechams continued to sell medicine
54
Q

What were “cure all” medicines replaced with ?

A

Medicines such as aspirin

55
Q

Why was the invention of capsule pills so important ?

A

It meant that drugs dissolved in the stomach better

56
Q

What medical condition did insulin pumps benefit ?

A

Diabetes

57
Q

How did hypodermic needles improve treatment ?

A

It meant there could be quicker injections into the bloodstream

58
Q

What 3 problems in surgery have now been solved ?

A

Blood loss, infection, pain

59
Q

How did keyhole surgery improve treatment ?

A

It led to quicker healing and less impact on the body

60
Q

How did micro surgery improve treatment ?

A

It meant that nerve endings and blood vessels could be reattached which helped transplants develop

61
Q

When was the first kidney transplant ?

A

1956

62
Q

When was the first heart transplant ?

A

1967

63
Q

How did robotic surgery improve treatment ?

A

More precise for brain surgery

64
Q

How did anesthetics being injected in the bloodstream improve surgery ?

A

It meant that there was more precise doses leading to a safer surgery

65
Q

How did they solve the problem of blood loss ?

A

From 1900 blood transfusions and can store blood (sodium citrate to stop blood clotting)

66
Q

What are dialysis machines used for ?

A

To keep kidney patients alive before transplants

67
Q

What do heart bypass machines and pacemakers do ?

A

Perform the functions of the heart

68
Q

When did gene therapy start ?

A

1990

69
Q

How many people got plastic surgery during ww1 ?

A

11,000

70
Q

What was the effect of the improvement of treatments during the modern period ?

A
  • Life expectancy risen to 83 in 2003
  • Death rates from infectious disease decreased from 25 % to less than 1 %
71
Q

Why did the government take significant steps to improve the public’s health ?

A
  • increased understanding of causes and prevention of disease
72
Q

Name some ways to screen for genetic diseases ?

A
  • Down’s syndrome during pregnancy
  • testing genes for breast cancer
73
Q

How did the government prevent the spread of disease between countries?

A

Tracking travelers and putting quarantine measures in place

74
Q

When was the first vaccine campaign and what disease was it for ?

A

1942 for diphtheria

75
Q

What was the effect of the diphtheria campaign ?

A

Over 3000 children’s deaths per year down to an average of only 6

76
Q

When was the polio vaccine ?

A

1956

77
Q

Why was the polio vaccine campaign so effective ?

A

Footballer Jeff Hall died of polio in 1959

78
Q

What was the effect of the polio campaign ?

A

No cases since 1961

79
Q

When was tetanus campaign ?

A

1961

80
Q

When did the NHS make the measles vaccine free ?

A

In 1963

81
Q

When was the rubella campaign ?

A

1970

82
Q

What laws have the government created to prevent disease ?

A
  • clean air act of 1956 and 1968
  • smoking banned in all public buildings (2007)
  • limiting car emissions by taxing some cars that cause more pollution
  • health and safety laws at work
  • rubbish and sewage disposal rules
83
Q

Why was the clean air act passed ?

A

Smog in London

84
Q

Name some government lifestyle campaigns ?

A
  • smoking, binge eating, unprotected sex campaigns
  • stoptober
  • “sugar smart”, “5 a day”
85
Q

What is everyone over 40 given the opportunity for ?

A

An every 5 year health check

86
Q

What was some problems with the treatment and prevention of disease in the modern period ?

A
  • new diseases constantly appearing
  • new drug resistant bacteria
  • no cure for cancer / heart disease
  • people still rely on “alternative remedies” such as acupuncture
87
Q

Why was the government shocked during the Boer war ?

A

1/3 of volunteers were rejected due to poor health

88
Q

When was training for midwives made compulsory?

A

1902

89
Q

When was the National Insurance act ?

A

1911

90
Q

What were some negatives of the nations insurance act ?

A

It didn’t help the elderly, families or unemployed people

91
Q

When did clinics in schools begin to give kids free medical care ?

A

1912

92
Q

When was the ministry of health established?

A

1919

93
Q

When was the Beveridge report released ?

A

1942

94
Q

When was the NHS founded ?

A

1948

95
Q

What does the NHS stand for ?

A

The National Health Service

96
Q

What did the NHS provide ?

A

Free medical care for all the population paid for by British taxes

97
Q

Around how many hospitals and Gp services are there in the UK ?

A

2500

98
Q

Name some of the services provided by the NHS

A
  • vaccinations
  • ambulances
  • dentists
  • maternity
  • medical research
99
Q

What were some early problems of the NHS ?

A
  • hospitals needed updating
  • most hospitals were in the South East
  • little money after ww2
  • GP surgeries needed modernizing
  • GPs suspicious of the NHS
  • large appointment waiting times and delays
100
Q

What improvements were made to the NHS after 1960s ?

A
  • more hospitals
  • Quality care commission
  • GPs Charter
101
Q

Name an example of a specialist hospital

A

Alder Hey children’s hospital

102
Q

What did the Quality Care commission do ?

A

Monitor hospital quality

103
Q

When was the GPs Charter and what did it do ?

A

1966, gave incentives to gps who kept up with medical research and encouraged them to work in practices together

104
Q

What was the impact of the NHS ?

A
  • everyone receives the same level of service
  • provides many services
  • increased life expectancy
  • provided training opportunities (nurses developing specific skills)
105
Q

Name some problems with the NHS today

A
  • waiting times
  • appointment delays
  • aging and growing population
  • rising cost for government
  • new lifestyle problems
106
Q

How many new cases of lung cancer are there in a year ?

A

Over 40,000

107
Q

Why is lung cancer so deadly ?

A

Only 1/3 live more than a year after their diagnosis

108
Q

What did the British Medical research council prove in 1950 ?

A

That lung cancer was directly linked to smoking (85% have smoked)

109
Q

How is lung cancer diagnosed ?

A
  • ct scan after injected with dye
  • PET CT scan or a bronchoscope sample
110
Q

Is there a cure for cancer ?

A

No

111
Q

Name some treatments for lung cancer ?

A
  • surgery
  • transplants
  • radiotherapy
  • chemo
  • (researching immunotherapy)
112
Q

How much does smoking related deaths cost the NHS yearly ?

A

£165 m

113
Q

What smoking can prevention was enforced in 1933 ?

A

Illegal to sell cigarettes to children

114
Q

What smoking prevention was enforced in 1965 ?

A

Advertising on tv was made illegal

115
Q

What smoking prevention was enforced in 2005 ?

A

Adverts at sporting events banned

116
Q

What smoking prevention was enforced in 2007 ?

A

The legal age to buy cigarettes rose from 16 to 18

117
Q

What smoking prevention was enforced in 2008 ?

A

The uk started to show warnings on cigarette packets

118
Q

What smoking prevention was enforced in 2011 ?

A

Cigarette vending machines banned

119
Q

What smoking prevention was enforced in 2012 ?

A

Cigarettes banned from being displayed in shops

120
Q

What smoking prevention was enforced in 2014 ?

A

Tobacco tax increased

121
Q

What smoking prevention was enforced in 2014 involving pack size ?

A

Packs of less than 20 cigarettes rose steeply in price

122
Q

What smoking prevention was enforced in 2015 ?

A

Smoking banned in cars carrying children

History (5 decks)

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