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History > Medicine - Medieval > Flashcards

Medicine - Medieval Flashcards

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1
Q

What dates was the medieval period ?

A

1250-1500

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2
Q

What period was 1250-1500 ?

A

The medieval period

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3
Q

Name 3 reasons why the Catholic Church was so powerful in the Medieval period

A

Every town had a Church, majority of people attended, People in Church could read and write

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4
Q

What did the Church discourage ?

A

Dissections

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5
Q

Where were books written ?

A

In monasteries by Monks

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6
Q

Why is it significant that books were handwritten ?

A

It limited the information available for physicians

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7
Q

Whose ideas did the Church support and why ?

A

Hippocrates and Galen’s as their ideas supported the Bible

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8
Q

Where were physicians trained ?

A

In universities run by The Church

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9
Q

What did religious people believe the cause of disease was ?

A

A punishment from God or God testing a persons faith

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10
Q

Examples of sins that were believed to cause illness

A

Gambling, excessive drinking, blasphemy

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11
Q

Name a common disease linked to sin

A

Leprosy

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12
Q

Name 4 ways religious people tried to prevent disease

A

Praying regularly, fasting, pilgrimages, flagellation

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13
Q

What would the sick touch to cure illness ?

A

Holy relics (pilgrimages to tombs)

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14
Q

Why did some people not treat disease ?

A

As they thought it would be against God and they would go to Hell

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15
Q

What was the first hospital in England and when was it founded ?

A

St Bartholomew’s, 1123

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16
Q

How many hospitals were in England by 1400 ?

A

Over 500

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17
Q

Who ran the Hospitals ?

A

The Church

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18
Q

Did the hospitals have doctors ?

A

No only a priest with monks and nuns

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19
Q

Did hospitals let people with infectious diseases in ?

A

No

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20
Q

Who did hospitals mostly accept ?

A

Old, sick, traveling people

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21
Q

What did hospitals focus on ?

A

CARE NOT CURE !!

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22
Q

What was care like in hospitals ?

A

Patients given food and warmth, offered prayers and Mass 7 times a day

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23
Q

Who created the idea of the four humours ?

A

Hippocrates, a Greek doctor

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24
Q

What was the theory of four humours ?

A

The idea that the body contained 4 humours ; yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, blood

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25
Q

What was the theory of miasma ?

A

The idea that dirt and waste from the streets poisoned air which caused illness

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26
Q

What did King Edward III say relating to miasma ?

A

“The filth from the houses is infecting the air with contagious sickness” during the Black Death

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27
Q

What did people believe miasma was caused by ?

A

God, alignment of the planets

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28
Q

Name 3 ways people prevented miasma ?

A
  • carried sweet smelling herbs in a pomander
  • rang bells
  • allowed birds to fly around their house
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29
Q

What was Regimin Sanitis ?

A

Instructions written by physicians for healthy living

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30
Q

What did Regimin Sanitis include ?

A

Avoiding stress, exercising, eating a healthy diet, bathing regularly

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31
Q

Who used Regimin Sanitis ?

A

Only used by the rich

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32
Q

Name 2 ways people rebalanced the 4 humours

A

Bloodletting and purging

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33
Q

Name 3 types of bloodletting

A

Cutting, leeches, cupping

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34
Q

What did people believe humours were created from ?

A

Food eaten

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35
Q

What are the 2 types of purging ?

A

Emetics, laxatives

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36
Q

What did emetics do and name an example ?

A

Make the patient vomit
Scammony, aniseed, parsley

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37
Q

What did laxatives do and name an example ?

A

Make the patients shit
Strong herbs/ flowers, line seeds

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38
Q

Who created the theory of opposites ?

A

Galen, a Roman doctor

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39
Q

What was the theory of opposites ?

A

The idea that if you had too much of one humour you could cure it with the opposite of it

40
Q

Give an example of a meal used regarding the theory of opposites

A

Blanc Mangier (chicken and almonds)
Warm and moist

41
Q

Name the 4 humours

A

Yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, blood

42
Q

According to the theory of opposites, how could you cure a cold ?

A

By eating a chili (hot and dry)

43
Q

Name a common herbal remedy

A

Therica

44
Q

What was therica ?

A

A spice based mixture that could contain up to 70 ingredients

45
Q

Name some ingredients in therica

A

Ginger, saffron, viper flesh, opium

46
Q

Who wrote a book about therica ?

A

Galen

47
Q

What were the ingredients in the medicine used to cure a stye ?

A

Onions, garlic, bulls gall, wine in a brass vessel

48
Q

Why did the cure for a stye work ?

A

The onions, garlic, gall killed bacteria and the wine (which contains acetic acid which reacted with the copper in vessel and produced copper salt) also killed bacteria

49
Q

Name the 4 main types of care givers in the medieval period

A

Physicians, barber surgeons, wise women, apothecaries

50
Q

What did physicians do ?

A

Diagnosed illness and suggested treatment

51
Q

How long did physicians train at university ?

A

7 years

52
Q

Who used physicians ?

A

Only the rich

53
Q

How many physicians were in England 1300

A

Fewer than 100

54
Q

What did physicians believe ?

A

Books were better than experience

55
Q

What book did physicians carry ?

A

Vademecum (book of diagnosis)

56
Q

How did physicians use urine charts ?

A

To check the colour, smell and taste of urine to check for illnesses

57
Q

Who carried out the majority of surgeries ?

A

Barber surgeons

58
Q

How did barber surgeons train ?

A
  • did not go to uni
  • learned through doing apprenticeships and reading books
59
Q

What simple surgeries did barber surgeons do ?

A

Bleeding, removing surface tumors, sewing wounds, making splints for broken bones

60
Q

What complex external surgeries did barber surgeons do ?

A

Amputating limbs, removing bladder stones, using fine needles to remove cataracts in eyes

61
Q

What diagram did barber surgeons use to identify how to treat injuries ?

A

Wound man

62
Q

Who saved Henry V and how ?

A

John Bradmore saved him by designing a tool that could remove an arrow that had struck Henry’s cheek

63
Q

How did barber surgeons make patients drowsy ?

A

Used herbs such as hemlock or opium

64
Q

What did surgeons use to clean wounds ?

A

Wine, vinegar, honey

65
Q

What were problems regarding surgeries in the medieval period ?

A
  • no internal surgeries
  • little knowledge on anaesthetics
  • antiseptics didn’t stop infection
  • heavy bleeding resulting in death
66
Q

Where were most people treated and cared for ?

A

At home

67
Q

What gender could be midwives ?

A

Women (some had licenses and were paid)

68
Q

Who was not allowed to be physicians ?

A

Women

69
Q

Could women become surgeons ?

A

Yes, by working as apprentices

70
Q

What did apothecaries do ?

A

Mixed and dealt with herbal remedies

71
Q

Where did apothecaries learn ?

A

From other apothecaries

72
Q

What did apothecaries sell ?

A

-lucky charms and amulets
- hand mixed medicines
- Different ingredients

73
Q

What did supernatural people think caused disease ?

A

Spirits, the alignment of the planets, stars, sun, moon and witchcraft or bad luck

74
Q

What were some prevention methods used relating to the supernatural ?

A
  • lucky charms/ amulets to provide good fortune
  • recited incantations to ward of disease bringing spirits
75
Q

What was the treatment for toothache ?

A

Wearing a magpies beak around your neck

76
Q

What was trepanning ?

A

Drilling into the skulls of patients to release demons or spirits

77
Q

What was a zodiac chart ?

A

A chart to know when to avoid treating each part of the body (moon in Pisces = no feet)

78
Q

When was the Black Death ?

A

1348

79
Q

How long did it take for a person to die after being infected with the bubonic plague ?

A

3-5 days

80
Q

Symptoms of the Black Death

A

Buboes, blisters, fever, severe headaches, vomiting, fits, unconsciousness, death

81
Q

Name 2 religious ideas on the causes of the Black Death ?

A
  • God creating a punishment for sin in the world
  • Jews poisoning the water supply
82
Q

What did the Prior of Christchurch Abbey say in 1348

A

Plague was created by God who used “suffering to drive out the numberless sins of the people”

83
Q

Name 5 ways people religiously prevented getting the Black Death ?

A
  • services in churches
  • lit candles as offerings for God
  • people fasted
  • people went on pilgrimages
  • flagellants whipped themselves
84
Q

Name 2 ways people religiously treated the Black Death

A
  • asked God for forgiveness
  • continued to live a Christian lifestyle
85
Q

Why did some people believe there was no cure for the Black Death ?

A

As it was God’s will that the patient should die

86
Q

Where did, people during the Black Death think, miasma originated ?

A

Poisonous fumes released from an earthquake or volcano

87
Q

Name 3 “rational ways” people used to prevent getting the Black Death

A
  • avoiding bathing
  • pomanders
  • escaping
88
Q

Why did people avoid bathing during the Black Death ?

A

Because they thought water would open up their pores and expose them to the disease

89
Q

What did Chauliac advise people to do during the Black Death ?

A

He advised people to “Go quickly, go far, and return slowly”

90
Q

Why were aloe and myrrh used to treat the Black Death ?

A

They were believed to have cleansing qualities

91
Q

Name 2 things people did to buboes to try and cure Black Death

A

Lanced them
Rubbed onion, herbs, chopped snake on them

92
Q

What did people drink/eat to try and cure Black Death ?

A

Vinegar, and ate crushed minerals, arsenic, 10 yr old treacle

93
Q

Name 2 ways people tried to treat Black Death involving fire ?

A
  • people lit fire/ boiled vinegar to drive miasma away
  • people sat near a fire to drive out the fever
94
Q

Name some ways public health improved after the Black Death

A
  • laws on littering and location of latrines
  • stone cesspits, public latrines, night carts
  • 12 rakers by 1370 London
  • Glouster aqueducts for fresh water
95
Q

Name a believed supernatural cause of the Black Death

A

1345 an unusual positioning of Mars, Jupiter, Saturn which was interpreted that something terrible/ wonderful was going to happen

96
Q

Name a supernatural way people prevented getting the Black Death

A

Holy charms/ luck amulets to ward off dangerous spirits

History (5 decks)

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