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medicine through time Flashcards

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1
Q

religious:

ideas about causes of disease

medieval period

A
  • punishment for sin.
  • test of faith.
  • abandonment of God (B. Plague).
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2
Q

supernatural:

ideas about causes of disease

medieval period

A
  • positioning of planets & stars (astrology).
  • other superstitious beliefs e.g., witches.
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3
Q

rational:

ideas about causes of disease

medieval period

A
  • unpleasant air that corrupted the body’s four humours (miasma).
  • imbalance of the four humours.
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4
Q

religious:

ideas about treatment of disease and illness

medieval period

A
  • praying e.g., asking for forgiveness, accounting/admitting the sins you have committed (repentance).
  • fasting.
  • pilgrimages to holy relics (touch them).
  • burning candles at the length of the diseases area.
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5
Q

supernatural:

ideas about treatment of disease and illness

medieval period

A
  • saying spells/carrying amulets.
  • bathing with a dead fox to heal paralysis (fox’s stealth and speed will flow through water and go into person’s body).
  • physicians used horoscopes to diagnose and treat patients.
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6
Q

rational:

ideas about treatment of disease and illness

medieval period

A
  • purging/sweating.
  • bleeding/leeches (bloodletting).
  • treated at home by family female members.
  • eating a particular food that contrasts the sickness.
  • taking herbal remedies.
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7
Q

religious:

ideas about prevention of disease and illness

medieval period

A
  • praying.
  • fasting.
  • wearing blessed charms.
  • paying for a special mass (tithes).
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8
Q

supernatural:

ideas about prevention of disease and illness

medieval period

A
  • wearing charms to ward of bad spirits & miasma.
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9
Q

rational:

ideas about prevention of disease and illness

medieval period

A
  • improved and better lifestyle, hygiene, and diet (regimen sanitates - only available to rich people).
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10
Q

medical roles:

how was care ‘carried’ out on patients?

medieval period

A

f. family members: vast majorities cared by them - cost no money (they made restorative foods + mixed herbal remedies).
physician: diagnosed illness and recommended treatment - awfully expensive due to few numbers (they rarely treated the patient)
apothecary: mixed herbal remedies with a good knowledge on them - cheaper that phys. (not the best as they sometimes prescribed poison).
barber surgeon: performed small surgeries and haircuts - some surgeons highly trained (could perform large surgeries e.g. set a broken limb, remove an arrow)

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11
Q

medical infirmary:

how hospitals acted towards disease and illness

medieval period

A
  • many hosp. didn’t treat the sick but showed hospitality to pilgrims + travellers.
  • 30% of hosp. were owned + run by church (run by monks and nuns).
  • medieval hosp. were places of rest + recovery (kept clean and tidy) - successful for those who weren’t terminally ill.
    ↳ those who recovered were proof that
    prayer worked.
  • infectious or terminal patients often rejected as prayer + penance could not help them (pregnant and insane patients often rejected too).
  • lazar homes or isolated island communities for lepers
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12
Q

all:

ideas about cause of the Black Death

medieval period - CASE STUDY

A

religious: God punishing the people for their sin, abandonment of God, test of faith.
supernatural: position of planets + stars (alignment of Jupiter, Mars, and Saturn).
rational: miasma from volcanoes/earthquakes, bad diet + lifestyle, jews (in Europe not in England).

outbreak occurred in 1348

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13
Q

all:

approaches to treatment of the Black Death

medieval period - CASE STUDY

A

religious: prayer (confess sins/ask for forgiveness).
rational: bleeding, purging, sniffing strong herbs, fires lit to remove bad air.

outbreak occurred in 1348

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14
Q

all:

approaches to prevention of the Black Death

medieval period - CASE STUDY

A

religious: praying, fasting, pilgrimages, making offerings, self-flagellation (to show how sorry you are).
rational: wearing posy of flowers/fragrant herbs to ward of miasma, avoid bathing (believed water would open skin pores to corrupted air), escape the plague, doing joyful things, avoided family members who caught the plague and their houses.
government: new quarantine laws (people new to an area had to quarantine for 40 days in case they had plague), considered banning religious processions (stop large crowding) but not enough power to do so - rich people roamed freely and the church run as normal, stopped cleaning streets (believed foul stench would ward of miasma.

outbreak occurred in 1348

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15
Q

religious:

changes in ideas about causes of disease

renaissance period

A
  • most people recognised that God did not send disease.
  • reduced control of the church led to spread of ideas quicker + more scientific approaches to diagnosis.
  • c1440 - printing press took publishing out of churches hand so new ideas could be spread that challenged Galen.
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16
Q

religious:

continuity in ideas about causes of disease

renaissance period

A
  • in times of epidemic, religious causes were still considered e.g., G. Plague.
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17
Q

supernatural:

changes in ideas about causes of disease

renaissance period

A
  • astrology was much less popular from 1500.
  • new ideas led to less people believing in supernatural causes of disease.
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18
Q

supernatural:

continuity in ideas about causes of disease

renaissance period

A
  • in times of epidemics, people still wore charms to ward off the disease.
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19
Q

rational:

changes in ideas about causes of disease

renaissance period

A
  • few phys. believed in the theory of the four humours by end of 17th century.
  • there was much better understanding of anatomy (theory published by W. Harvey that blood circulated around body, not produced in liver).
  • phys. realised that someone’s urine is not directly connected to their health.
  • carried out more observations on patients (promoted by T. Sydenham who disproved medical books, Galen + Hippocrates).
  • 1660 - the royal society promoted the sharing of ideas between physicians/scientists.
20
Q

rational:

continuity in ideas about causes of disease

renaissance period

A
  • theory of the four humours was still used when diagnosing disease as patients understood it.
  • phys. still relied on texts for looking up symptoms.
  • idea that disease was spread by miasma (bad smells and evil fumes) was continual throughout this period (became more worldwide during epidemics).
21
Q

religious:

changes in ideas about treatment of disease and illness

renaissance period

A
  • instead of religious treatments people looked for more scientific treatments.
22
Q

religious:

continuity in ideas about treatment of disease and illness

renaissance period

A
  • in times of epidemics, some religious treatments were still considered.
23
Q

supernatural:

changes in ideas about treatment of disease and illness

renaissance period

A
  • phys. now understood that urine had nothing to do with someone health (urine chart).
24
Q

supernatural:

continuity in ideas about treatment of disease and illness

renaissance period

A
  • astrology was still used to find treatments by some medics.
25
Q

rational:

changes in ideas about treatment of disease and illness

renaissance period

A
  • usage of herbal remedies changed slightly (now based on colour and shape e.g., radish + saffron treats jaundice).
  • new herbal remedies from the ‘new world’ (north + south America) which opened vast number of new. possibilities for treatments and cures
  • T. Sydenham popularised usage of cinchona to treat malaria (effective if used after symptoms gone)
26
Q

rational:

continuity in ideas about treatment of disease and illness

renaissance period

A
  • treatments aimed at rebalancing humours continued e.g., bleeding, purging, and sweating
  • herbal remedies were still popular
27
Q

religious:

changes in ideas about prevention of disease and illness

renaissance period

A
  • there were less people who believed that anything religious related could prevent disease.
28
Q

religious:

continuity in ideas about prevention of disease and illness

renaissance period

A
  • some people still believed that prayer could prevent disease.
29
Q

supernatural:

changes in ideas about prevention of disease and illness

renaissance period

A
  • there were less people who believed that anything superstitious could prevent disease.
30
Q

supernatural:

continuity in ideas about prevention of disease and illness

renaissance period

A
  • some people still believed that superstitious myths could prevent disease.
  • people still practiced regimen sanitates.
  • miasma was still widely believed in.
31
Q

rational:

changes in ideas about prevention of disease and illness

renaissance period

A
  • started to believe that practicing moderation and your condition at birth prevents disease.
  • due to syphilis, bathing became a less fashionable thing (they washed with linen cloth + constantly changed clothes instead).
  • avoidance methods were more focused on moving away from the source rather than cleaning yourself.
  • more steps were taken to remove miasma from the air rather than ‘scaring’ it away e.g., removing sewerage, cleaning streets.
32
Q

rational:

continuity in ideas about prevention of disease and illness

renaissance period

A
  • cleanliness was still important (both the home and body needed to be kept clean and free from bad smells)
33
Q

medical roles:

how was care ‘carried’ out on patients?

renaissance period

A

women: continued to mix herbal remedies + close local communities meant advice could pass around etc.
apothecaries: continued to mix herbal remedies but new ingredients available due to iatrochemistry (had to have licences now)
quack doctors: mixed remedies & advertised them as fabulous cures, hoping to make easy money (took adavnatge of the panic of public during plague)
barb. surgeon: continued to carry out simple operations but more surgery necessary due to new war injuries (had to have licences now)
physician: continued to be trained at universities but new topics arose, dissection now legalised and detailed drawings in medical books available.

34
Q

medical infirmary:

how hospitals acted towards disease and illness

renaissance period

A
  • due to dissolution of the monasteries (reformation), smaller hospitals, funded by charities, opened & there was a change in the amount of medical treatment provided.
  • hosp. for specific diseases developed in their understanding that disease could transmit from person to person so new hospitals appeared that would only cater for plague or pox victims (helpful as the infectious would normally be rejected).
35
Q

individuals:

what influence did William Harvey have?

renaissance period - CASE STUDY

A
  • proved Galen was wrong e.g., blood circulated around the body and was not made in the liver.
  • proved that heart acted like a pump.
    ✓ inspired scientist to carry out further experiments, building on his discoveries (employed by Charles II so gained credibility and there was a rise of interest in science and the human body).
    ✕ his work = minor impact as it could not be used to improve practical medical treatment (work was ignored and even openly criticized).
36
Q

all:

changes in ideas about cause of the Great Plague

renaissance period - CASE STUDY

A

religious: number of people that believed that God caused disease was still decreasing.
supernatural: this was still, if not increased, in popularity.
rational: fewer people believed that the body’s “four humours” were the cause of disease.

outbreak occurred in 1665

37
Q

all:

continuity in ideas about cause of the Great Plague

renaissance period - CASE STUDY

A

religious: result of mankind’s wickedness so God came to clean his kingdom.
supernatural: unusual alignment of Saturn + Jupiter and Mars + Jupiter was seen as unlucky combinations that suggested trouble ahead, comet was spotted ahead.
rational: miasma from dunghills + rubbish - miasma would stay in soil in cold weather but in hot weather plague-filled miasma would escape, transference (unpopular idea).

outbreak occurred in 1665

38
Q

all:

changes in approaches to treatment of the Great Plague

renaissance period - CASE STUDY

A

rational: advised to wrap themselves in thick woollen cloth next to fire to sweat disease out, transference e.g. strapping a live chicken to a bubo.

outbreak occurred in 1665

39
Q

all:

continuity in approaches to treatment of the Great Plague

renaissance period - CASE STUDY

A

religious: prayer/repentance/confession.
supernatural: wearing charms.
rational: herbal remedies.

outbreak occurred in 1665

40
Q

all:

changes in approaches to prevention of the Great Plague

medieval period - CASE STUDY

A

rational: plague doctors wore special costumes, smoking tobacco, catching syphilis to avoid the plague.
government + institution: fasting (Charles II), banning public meeting + fairs + large funerals, theatres closed, street and alleyways cleaned, burning of sweet-smelling herbs, cats + dogs etc. killed, mayor of London hired searchers and wardens (went house to house to see if plague vctims present - if plague was present in a house, inhabitants were quarantined for 28 days).

outbreak occurred in 1665

41
Q

all:

continuity in approaches to prevention of the Great Plague

medieval period - CASE STUDY

A

religious: prayer + repentance, fasting,
supernatural:
rational: quarantine infected, carrying pomander to ward away miasma, various diets, escaping the disease.

outbreak occurred in 1665

42
Q

religious:

changes in ideas about causes of disease

enlightenment period

A
  • there were none - the church was still becoming less important.
43
Q

religious:

continuity in ideas about causes of disease

enlightenment period

A
  • God in general (rapidly decreasing)
44
Q

supernatural:

changes in ideas about causes of disease

enlightenment period

A
45
Q

supernatural:

continuity in ideas about causes of disease

enlightenment period

A
46
Q

rational:

changes in ideas about causes of disease

enlightenment period

A
  • theory of four humours discarded
47
Q

rational:

continuity in ideas about causes of disease

enlightenment period

A
  • miamsa (less popular)

History (21 decks)

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