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NAPLEX 2020 > Medical Terms > Flashcards

Medical Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Angioedema

A

The swelling of tissue layers under the skin;
includes swelling of the dermis and lower layers [subcutaneous (SC) tissue, mucosa, submucosal layers –> swelling in these layers causes breathing difficulty]

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2
Q

Anorexia

A

Loss of appetite, can be psychological; due to AIDS (AIDS wasting syndrome) or due to drugs (generally, drugs DECREASE appetite, versus causing a loss of appetite.

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3
Q

Anorgasmia

A

Inability to have an orgasm, despite stimulation

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4
Q

Anuria

A

Lack of urine output, can be due to acute renal failure (oliguria is low urine output); with urinary retention (e.g., from anticholinergics, including antihistamines), the urine comes out but takes longer to begin to flow.

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5
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell death, can be due to medical conditions (e.g., alcoholic cirrhosis)or from several chemotherapy drugs.

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6
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Irregular heart rhythm, with LOW HR (bradycardia) or FAST HR (tachycardia); can be due to antiarrhythmics, and (if the arrhythmia is torsades de pointes) from drugs that prolong the QT interval

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7
Q

Arthralgia

A

Joint pain

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8
Q

Arthritis

A

Joint disease/inflammation; 3 common types

osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and gout.

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9
Q

Ascites

A

Fluid accumulation within the peritoneal space that can lead to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) and hepatorenal syndrome (HRS); can be caused by liver disease, volume overload with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), infection or (uncommonly) as an adverse reaction to a drug (e.g., rifaximin).

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10
Q

Asplenia

A

Decrease or absent spleen function (e.g., spleen was removed after an injury, such as a gunshot wound), asplenia causes altered immunocompetency, with INCREASED infection risk.; infection precautions will be needed, including meningococcal and both pneumococcal (conjugate and polysaccharide) vaccines, and avoiding live vaccines

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11
Q

Abscess

A

A painful collection of pus on the skin, often caused by a bacterial infection. Can be due to a pressure ulcer (bed sore) from lying in the same position (over a bone) for long periods.

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12
Q

Akathisia

A

Inability to stay still with constant movement (restlessness)

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13
Q

Akinesia

A

Kinesia means movement; akinesia is the lack of voluntary movement; can be a symptom of Parkinson disease (freezing or off-movements)
Dyskinesias are abnormal, involuntary movements; can be due to levodopa and (to a lesser degree) dopamine agonists.
Dyskinesias are an extrapyramidal symptom (with dystonic reactions and tardive dyskineas

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is involuntary movements in the tongue, face, trunk, and extremities (caused by dopamine blockade): can be due to antipsychotics (not quetiapine or clozapine) and metoclopramide. 
When TD is present, the drug should be discontinued; 
TD can be IRREVERSIBLE.
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14
Q

Alogia

A

Lack of speech, a negative symptom of schizophrenia.

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15
Q

Alopecia

A

Hair loss, can be due to valproate, methotrexate, chemotherapy drugs (taxanes)

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16
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Absence of menstruation, can be due to spironolactone, and drugs that INCREASE prolactin (risperidone, paliperidone)

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17
Q

Amnesia, anterograde

A

Loss of memory when the drug is taken(going forward in time); past memory is not affected; can be due to benzodiazepines (and varenicline, if the patient has a blackout)

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18
Q

Amnesia, retrograde

A

Loss of memory to past events

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19
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Severe, life-threatening allergic reaction, occurs soon after a drug is taken; many drugs can cause anaphylaxis; drugs with high-risk include penicillins, carbapenems, omalizumab and other monoclonal antibodies (MABs), injectable iron (especially iron dextran, which requires a small test dose prior to use), pegloticase, rasburicase, IV phytonadione. When a drug causes anaphylaxis, the drug is contraindicated for the patient (except penicillin, to treat syphilis in pregnancy, will require desensitization).

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20
Q

Asthenia

A

Abnormal lack of energy and strength, can be due levetiracetam, some chemotherapy drugs.

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21
Q

Ataxia

A

Loss of full control and uncoordinated body movement (an intoxicated individual has ataxia, and cannot walk in a straight line); can be due to alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, drug toxicity from antiepileptic drugs (AEDS–>phenytoin) and lithium.
Ataxia can be due to ototoxicity that causes vestibular (inner ear) damage.

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22
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

The buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls (atherosclerotic plaques), which restrict blood flow.
If the plaque ruptures, the artery can become occluded (closed up/blocked)

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23
Q

Attenuated

A

Weakened; used to refer to weakened live vaccines that are able to replicate, but will not be able to cause disease (except in immunocompromised patients)

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24
Q

Atypical

A

Not the usual symptoms or presentation (a women having a heart attack may have back pain or abdominal pain and not the classic (typical) symptom of chest pain

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25
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to internal organs (heart, lungs,) with a stethoscope

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26
Q

Axillary Temperature

A

Temperature taken under the arm (in the armpit)

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27
Q

Avolition

A

Lack of motivation; a NEGATIVE symptom of schizophrenia

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28
Q

Bilateral

A

On BOTH (bi) sides of the body
VS
Unilateral, which is on ONE side of the body

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29
Q

Bioavailability

A

The extent to which an oral drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation;
IV drugs = 100% bioavailability (none is lost to oral absorption)
Drugs with 1:1 oral (PO) to IV dosing has 100% bioavailability
Ex: 100mg IV dose = 100 mg PO dose

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30
Q

Blepharitis

A

Eyelid inflammation

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31
Q

Bolus

A

A relatively LARGE dose of an IV drug given at once –> quickly achieves an effect or serum level
In CONTRAST;
an IV INFUSION delivers a steady rate of drug over a longer period

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32
Q

Bradycardia

A

DECREASED Heart Rate (HR);

< 60 BPM

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33
Q

Bradykinesia

A

Slow movement

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34
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the bronchial tubes with difficulty breathing and clearing mucus, often due to INFECTION , from long-term smoking, second-hand smoke, or airborne irritants

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35
Q

BUD

Beyond-Use Date/Expiration Date

A

Beyond use date (BUDs) are applied to products by the pharmacist, and relate to the preparation’s microbial sterility.
BUD = the last date the drug may be used
BUD = usually shorter that then the chemical/physical stability
**When labeling drugs in use, ALWAYS choose the shorter date.
Expiration dates are used for manufactured drugs and relate to the drug’s chemical/physical stability after opening or dilution.
Expiration dates = provided by the manufacturer

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36
Q

Bulimia

A

An eating disorder characterized by binging (over-eating) and compensatory self-induced vomiting

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37
Q

Cachexia

A

Extreme weight loss and muscle wasting due to a chronic illness, commonly seen in frail, elderly patients who have been sick for some time

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38
Q

Carbuncle - cluster of furuncles (boils)

A

A furuncle is a hair follicle infection, most are S. aureus infections.
A Carbuncle is a red, inflamed cluster of furuncles that contains pus, and can form an abscess

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39
Q

Cardiomegaly

A

An abnormally enlarged heart

Most cardiomegaly is due to thin, stretched out ventricles (dilated cardiomyopathy)

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40
Q

Cataplexy

A

A sudden loss of muscle control that causes temporary paralysis on both sides, often triggered by laughing, crying or fear
The person remains conscious (is aware) but is temporarily unable to move
Cataplexy occurs most often with narcolepsy, a disorder of excessive sleepiness (narcolepsy with cataplexy)

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41
Q

Cataract

A

A cataract is a cloudiness covering the lens in the eye/s
As the cataract grows, the vision becomes progressively worse; can be due to sunlight exposure, chronic use of systemic steroids or steroid eye drops (Pred Forte)

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42
Q

Cellulitis

A

A BACTERIAL infection (usually due to Staphylococcus or Streptococcus) in the skin or subcutaneous tissue, most commonly on the lower legs
Skin is red, swollen and painful

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43
Q

Central Line

A

A central line (catheter) empties into a LARGE vein (superior vena cava)
In CONTRAST:
A Peripheral line empties into a SMALLER vein (the cephalic vein)
Some drugs can ONLY be used in a central line (vasopressors)

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44
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) -stroke

A

Blood flow to a part of the brain is blocked:
Thrombus (clot) = Ischemic Stroke
blood vessel rupture = Hemorrhagic CVA

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45
Q

Cerumen

A

Ear wax, build-up DECREASES hearing
Can be removed in a medical office
or
with OTC products

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46
Q

Chancre

A

A painless ulcer (chancre in the genitals due to syphilis)

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47
Q

Chelation

A

A chemical complex in which ions and molecules bind to metal ions;
EDTA (antidote) = chelates heavy metals to reduce toxicity
Quinolones & Tetracyclines chelate with polyvalent metallic cations (Fe, Al, Mg, Ca) = DECREASE efficacy
Chelated complexes are NOT absorbed = excreted in FECES

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48
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Formation of gallstones (calculi), often preceded by biliary sludge (mixture of bilirubin, cholesterol & other substances)

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49
Q

Cholestasis

A

Reduction or blockage of bile flow

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50
Q

Cinchonism

A 
Cinchona alkaloid overdose
Symptoms: 
Tinnitus 
Hearing loss 
Blurred vision 
Headache 
Delirium
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51
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Advanced frequently irreversible fibrosis (scarring) of the liver

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52
Q

Conjunctivitis- pinkeye

A

Inflammation of the thin clear tissue that lies over the white part of the eye
Can be due to:
1. infection (viral/bacterial)
2. inflammatory response to an allergen (pollen) or substance (dust)

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53
Q

Crystalluria

A

The excretion of crystals in the urine;

Keep hydrated to reduce risk (DRINK WATER)

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54
Q

Cystitis

A

Bladder inflammation, usually due to a bacterial infection

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55
Q

Hemorrhagic cystitis

A

Bladder inflammation with hematuria, pain, difficulty with voiding

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56
Q

Delirium

A 
An acutely disturbed mind with incoherent thought and speech and agitation
Can be due to: 
1. Infection 
2. Illicit drug use 
3. Anticholinergic toxicity in elderly
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57
Q

Delusion/Hallucination

A

Delusions = incorrect (misinterpreted) perceptions
[Persecutory are most common (e.g. the nurse hates me and is trying to kill me; the nurse is there, but the perceptions are delusional)]

Hallucinations = hearing/seeing/feeling something that is not there, and not based on reality
[Auditory hallucinations are most common (e.g. hearing voices that are tormenting the patient)]

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58
Q

Dementia

A

Memory loss, difficulty with judgment, attention, planning and personal care.
Most common type = Alzheimer’s

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59
Q

Desiccant

A

An agent that keeps something dry;
Drugs that come in a bottle with a desiccant packet usually require that the drug is dispensed in the original container.

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60
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

A life-threatening complication of T1DM (and occasionally T2DM–> more likely to get HHS), with signs/symptoms of fatigue, weakness, hyperglycemia, anion gap metabolic acidosis, and ketonuria.
Mainly due to not taking insulin, and insulin pump failure, or can be the initial presentation in T1DM

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61
Q

Dialysis

Different types: hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis

A

Dialysis replaces the function of the kidneys to remove waste products, electrolytes and excess fluid from the patients blood.
A dialysis machine filters the blood, which circulates back (cleaner) blood into the patient

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62
Q

Diaphoresis

A

Sweating
In addition to normal sweating due to heat, diaphoresis can be due to an acute coronary syndrome (ACS/MI), anxiety, vasomotor (menopausal) Symptoms, hypoglycemia, tuberculosis (TB), SNRIs/SSRIs and opioids.
Night sweats are common with vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes in the day, night sweats at night), active TB, and can be present with HIV infection

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63
Q

Dipoplia

A

Double vision
Due to:
alcohol, or drug toxicity (CNS-depressant drugs, AEDS (phenytoin), alcohol)

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64
Q

Dyscrasia

A

A blood disorder in one or more of the cell lines (agranulocytosis, pancytopenia)

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65
Q

Dysentery

A

Severe diarrhea, with abdominal pain and bloody stool, usually due to Shigella infection.

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66
Q

Dysgeusia

A

Bad, bitter or metallic taste in the mouth

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67
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Abnormal, involuntary movement

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68
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Discomfort and pain during the menstrual period

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69
Q

Dyspepsia

A

Indigestion

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70
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

Can be due to stroke and neuromuscular disorders

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71
Q

Dysphonia

A

Physical difficulty speaking; can be due to use of oral steroid inhalers

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72
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficult or labored breathing; can be due to pulmonary toxicity, including cystic fibrosis, cardiac damage (w/heart failure)
In many cases the patient is fine until INCREASED oxygen is required that the patient is unable to provide (Dyspnea on exertion DOE)

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73
Q

Dystonia/Dystonic reaction

A

Prolonged contraction of muscles, including painful muscle spasms

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74
Q

Ectopic

A

In an abnormal place or position (ectopic pregnancy = pregnancy outside of the uterus)

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75
Q

Emboli/Embolism

A

Embolism is obstruction of a blood vessel by an emboli that has travelled through the blood.
Most emboli are blood clots (thrombus), and most come from DVTs.
A thrombus that has travelled through the blood is called a thromboembolus. Eventually, the thrombus comes to a vessel that it cannot fit through and gets stuck. The tissue on the other side of the emboli starts to die from lack of oxygen-rich blood.
A thrombus that stops in the lungs is called a pulmonary embolism (PE); it will block oxygen transfer, and can cause suffocation/death.
An emboli that stops in a cerebral (brain) artery will cause a CVA (stroke) or transient ischemic attack (TIA).
An emboli that stops in a coronary artery will cause an MI (heart attack).

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76
Q

Encephalitis

A

Inflammation of the brain; can be due to infections (herpes , toxoplasmosis)

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77
Q

Encephalopathy

A

A disease in the brain that alters brain function or structure; the KEY presentation is progressive loss of consciousness, with declines in memory and cognition.
Can be due to:
1. liver disease (hepatic encephalopathy)
2. brain infection/cancer/trauma/toxin exposure

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78
Q

Endocarditis

A

An infection in the lining of the heart chambers or heart valves;
Infection (growth) on the valves changes the shape of the valve, which can cause the blood to leak out or flow backwards (regurgitation, heard as a murmur).
Can require open-heart surgery to repair/replace heart valves.
Major risk factor = IV drug use (IVDA)

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79
Q

Endometriosis

A

A painful condition in which tissue that normally lines the uterus (endometrium) has grown outside the uterus

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80
Q

Enteral

A

Refers to the gut; enteral administration [through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract] is the preferred route (versus IV) for drug delivery.
(Other forms of drug delivery may be preferable–>topical delivery for skin rash)

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81
Q

Enuresis

A

Bed wetting, treated behaviorally (1st), then possibly with desmopressin (oral)

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82
Q

Epistaxis

A

Nosebleed;

can be due to anticoagulants & some risk with antiplatelets

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83
Q

Eructation

A

Burping

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84
Q

Erythema

A

Skin redness, caused by INCREASED blood (capillary dilation) in an area, commonly caused by receiving an injection, and from patch irritation.

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85
Q

Erythema migrans

A

the bulls-eye rash from Lyme disease (tick bite)

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86
Q

Erythema multiforme

A

Severe Rash

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87
Q

Etiology

A

The cause (of a disease)

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88
Q

Euphoria

A

A feeling of happiness, elation

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89
Q

Exacerbation

A

An acute INCREASE in the severity of a disease

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90
Q

Exophthalmos

A

Bulging (protruding) eyeballs. If bilateral, it is often due to Graves’ Disease (hyperthyroidism)

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91
Q

Extravasation

with vesicant

A

Extravasation occurs when a vesicant (a drug that will cause sever tissue damage) is being given by intravenous (IV) injection through a catheter (a line), and the catheter tip falls out of the vein, which allows the drug to seep into the surrounding tissues

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92
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

A painful condition with both physical pain (diffuse musculoskeletal pain) and psychological pain, with fatigue

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93
Q

Fibrosis

A

Scarring (with stiffness) in connective tissue[{liver cell fibrosis is present in cirrhosis, pulmonary fibrosis (PF) lungs]

94
Q

Flatulence

A

Excess gas in the GI tract, which is expelled by belching or through the anus (farting)

95
Q

Folliculitis

A

Hair follicle infection that looks like a red pimple; primarily caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus

96
Q

Galactorrhea

A

The production of breast milk in men or women who are NOT breastfeeding

97
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation, irritation, or erosion of the lining of the stomach

98
Q

Gastroparesis

A

Peristalsis is the movement of food/liquids through the GI tract by muscle contractions; gastroparesis = DECREASED peristalsis

99
Q

Genotype, Phenotype

A

Specific sequence of nucleotides that code (provide instructions) for a protein.
A specific type of gene is called an allele (e.g. “she must have gotten that brown hair allele (genotype) from her father”)
The brown hair is the phenotype = what is expressed

100
Q

Gingival Bleeding

A

Gingiva is gums; gingival bleeding is gum bleeding; the most common cause is poor dental care.

101
Q

Gingival Hyperplasia

A

Gingival hyperplasia is gum overgrowth

102
Q

Glossitis

A 
Tongue inflammation; 
Can be due to: 
Anemia (iron deficiency) 
Infection (herpes sore)
Allergic reaction
Injury (burn)
103
Q

Gynecomastia

A

Breast enlargement in men

104
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting blood

105
Q

Hematoma

A

A collection of blood can be due to hemorrhagic stroke, injury or medications.

106
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in the urine;
Can be due to:
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
over-anticoagulation

107
Q

Hemolysis

A

Destruction of red blood cells (RBCs)

108
Q

Hemoptysis

A

Coughing or spitting up blood from the respiratory tract

109
Q

Hemorrhoid

A

An enlarged or swollen blood vessel, usually located near the anus or the rectum

110
Q

Hemostasis

A

Causing bleeding to stop

111
Q

Hepatotoxicity

A

Liver toxicity from various causes (viral infections, cancer, alcohol, hepatotoxic drugs)

112
Q

Hirsutism

A

Male-pattern hair growth in women

113
Q

Hot Flashes- vasomotor symptoms

A

Temporary but recurring episodes of flushing with a sensation of warmth or heat on the upper body and face.
They are one of the hallmarks of perimenopause, and are due to the decline in estrogen, which has feedback regulation of luteinizing hormone (LH, resulting in INCREASED LH; this causes temperature dysregulation

114
Q

Hyperbilirubin

A

INCREASED bilirubin in the blood, resulting in clay-colored stools and dark urine

115
Q

Hyperhidrosis

A

Excessive sweating, commonly due to vasomotor (menopausal) symptoms

116
Q

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)

A

A hyperglycemic crisis that most often occurs in T2DM due to some type of severe stress (very high BG levels, severe infection).
Serum ketones are not present, or are negligible (present in DKA)

117
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Body temperature well above normal; can be caused by heat stroke or drugs (antipsychotics in neuroleptic malignant syndrome NMS)

118
Q

Hypertrichosis

A

Excessive hair growth, can be all over the body or in patches

119
Q

Hypertrophy

A

The enlargement of an organ or tissue from the INCREASE in size of its cells (benign prostatic hypertrophy, BPH), versus hyperplasia, which is an INCREASE in the number of cells

120
Q

Intracranial Hemorrhage (ICH)

A

A hemorrhage in the brain

121
Q

Intraarticular

A

Into the joint

122
Q

Intrathecal

A

Introduced into or occurring in the space under the arachnoid membrane of the brain or spinal cord; intrathecal injection is used for drug delivery, including some chemotherapy regimens.

123
Q

Ischemia

A

An inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body

124
Q

Libido

A

Sexual desire

125
Q

Lyophilized

A

Freeze-dried; IV drugs that come as lyophilized powders are reconstituted (brought back to liquid form) by the addition of sterile water for injection (SWFI) or bacteriostatic water for injection

126
Q

Malaise

A

A general feeling of discomfort or illness

127
Q

Malignant

A

Virulent, uncontrolled, potentially fatal, used to refer to cancer (versus benign, or harmless)

128
Q

Medication Guide (MedGuide)

A

A handout that alerts the patient to toxicities associated with a drug; additionally the MedGuide will include useful information, such as what to expect, and administration

129
Q

Menorrhagia

A

Heavy menstrual bleeding

130
Q

Metatarsophalangeal Joint

A

The big toe joint; often the location of gout attack

131
Q

Morbidity, Mortality

A

Morbidity = disease
Mortality = death
Both are population terms, are are used for the disease burden in a population (morbidity), or the number of people who died within a population (mortality).
The population could be the subjects in a clinical trial.

132
Q

Mucositis

A

inflammation/ulceration of the mucous membranes in the mouth and throat

133
Q

Myalgias

A

Muscle pain

134
Q

Mydriasis

A

Pupil dilation

135
Q

Myelosuppression (Bone Marrow Suppression)

A

Low WBC, RBC and platelets; usually due to chemotherapy drugs

136
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

A heart attack; there are 3 types:

STEMI: most severe; due to COMPLETE coronary artery blockage. No blood flow to heart tissue, which begins to die. Cardiac enzymes will be elevated in the blood and the ECG will have ST-segment elevations

NSTEMI: the coronary artery is PARTIALLY blocked, severely restricting blood flow to the heart. Cardiac enzymes will be elevated in the blood; the ECG may be normal or may have abnormalities.

Unstable angina: the coronary artery is PARTIALLY blocked, restricting blood flow to the heart. Cardiac enzymes will NOT be elevated in the blood; the ECG may be normal or may have abnormalities

137
Q

Myocarditis

A

Inflammation or the myocardium (heart muscle)

138
Q

Myoclonus

A

Muscle twitching

139
Q

Myopathy

A

Muscle damage

140
Q

Necrosis

A

The death of all or most of the cells in a part of the body, or in an organ

141
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

Kidney stones; urolithiasis can refer to kidney, or bladder stones; painful to pass

142
Q

Nephrotoxicity

A

Renal toxicity/damage

143
Q

Neuropathy, peripheral

A

Peripheral nerve damage, can be due to diabetes, and from some types of chemotherapy

144
Q

Nosocomial

A

Hospital-acquired, such as a nosocomial infection (e.g. nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pneumonia)

145
Q

NPO

A

Nothing by mouth; unable to take oral medication, food or drinks

146
Q

Nystagmus

A

Repetitive, uncontrolled movements of the eyes

147
Q

Oligohidrosis

A

Deficient sweat, can cause heat stroke

148
Q

Othropnea

A

Shortness of breath when lying flat

-patients can assess if heart failure is worsening by the number of pillows they prop themselves up with to get to sleep

149
Q

Pillow orthopnea

A

Making your body more VERTICAL (w/more pillows) to keep congestion out of the lungs

150
Q

Orthostasis

A

A DECREASE in blood pressure that happens soon after standing = postural hypotension

151
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Bones are too soft

152
Q

Osteoporosis

A

LOW bone density = porous (full of holes) and brittle bones

153
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Infection inside the bone

  • Difficult to treat & requires long-term antibiotics
  • Some cases require amputation = when infection cannot be treated
154
Q

Otalgia

A

Ear pain

155
Q

Otorrhea

A

Middle ear effusion/fluid = infection

156
Q

Ototoxicity

A

Ear damage, which can cause hearing loss = tinnitus

157
Q

Palliative Care

A

Medical care directed towards providing relief from the symptoms of a serious illness, including adequate relief from pain

158
Q

Pallor

A

Pale skin color

159
Q

Parasomnias

A

Unusual actions while sleeping, such as sleepwalking

160
Q

Paresthesia

A

A burning or prickling sensation

161
Q

Peak Level

A

The highest concentration of a drug in the patient’s bloodstream
-taken after the dose has been given and has distributed through the blood

162
Q

Pediculosis

A

Lice Infestation (head/body)

163
Q

Pegylated

A

Addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to a compound to DECREASE toxicity & INCREASE half-life (extending dosing interval)

164
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What a DRUG does to the human body

[loop diuretics’ cause a person to lose fluids]

165
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What the HUMAN body does to a drug

[enzyme metabolism, which can destroy the drug]

166
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Sore throat can be due to viral or bacterial (streptococcal) infection

167
Q

Phlebitis

A

Vein inflammation, with pain, swelling, redness

-can be due to injection of long-term antibiotics, hypertonic or cytotoxic solutions or a clot (thrombophlebitis)

168
Q

Photosensitivity

A

Sun allergy

  • an immune system reaction to sunlight
  • most often causes an itchy red rash
169
Q

PICC

Peripherally Inserted Central Line

A

A central line inserted peripherally (in a vein in the arm) and advanced through the bein until the tip reaches a large vessel (often the SUPERIOR VENA CAVA)

170
Q

Pleural Effusion

A

Fluid between the layers of pleura (thin membranes that line the outside of the lungs)

171
Q

Pneumonia

A

Lung infection

172
Q

Polydipsia

A

Extreme thirst

173
Q

Polyp

A

An abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a a mucous membrane

174
Q

Polyphagia

A

Excessive hunger or increased appetite

175
Q

Polyuria

A

INCREASED urination

176
Q

Porphyria

A

A group of disorders that results from a buildup of natural chemicals that produce porphyrin in your body

177
Q

Porphyrin

A

Important hemoglobin (which carries oxygen) to function normally

178
Q

Postprandial

A

After a meal, often in referencing after-meal blood glucose control

179
Q

Preprandial

A

Before a meal, often used in referencing pre-meal medication administration with diabetes

180
Q

Priapism

A

Prolonged erection > 4 hours, will become painful, and requires emergency medical care
-Can be due to sickle cell disease and medications

181
Q

Prophylaxis

A

Preventing a condition or drug side effect

[medications for malaria prophylaxis = protect people from contracting malaria)

182
Q

Pruritus

A

Itching

183
Q

Purulent

A

Consisting of, containing, or discharge pus

184
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

A type of urinary tract infection where one or both kidneys become infected

185
Q

Pyrexia

A

Fever

186
Q

Rales, Rhonchi, Stridor

lung sounds

A

Abnormal lung sounds heard with auscultation (via stethoscope) during inspiration (when breathing in)

187
Q

Rales/crackles

A

Rattling, crackling sounds, can be due to infection (pneumonia), pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary edema due to congestion with heart failure

188
Q

Rhonchi/wheezes

A

Deeper rattling sounds that resemble snoring sounds, due to fluid build-up [infection, COPD and cystic fibrosis (CF) cause rhonchi, which may go away with mucus secretion or coughing}

189
Q

Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS)

A

A strategy to manage the risks from an especially toxic drug (EX: requiring prescribers to warn patients about the risks from opioids, in addition to a pharmacist’s counseling)
-The specifics for each REMS depends on the toxicity from the drug

190
Q

Retrograde ejaculation

A

Semen enters the bladder instead of exiting through the penis during orgasm

191
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A

Skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly, releasing myoglobin and other muscle components into the blood
-This causes complications, including acute renal failure from muscle pieces flooding into the kidney an causing severe damage

192
Q

Rhinitis

A

Inflammation and swelling in the nose, usually caused by a cold or allergic rhinitis

193
Q

Rhinorrhea

A

Runny nose, due to excessive mucus

194
Q

Rigidity

A

Stiffness; nuchal rigidity (unable to bend neck) can indicate meningitis
-“Lead-Pipe” rigidity can indicate neuroleptic malignant syndrome

195
Q

Rigors

A

Shivering, in which a patient feels cold but the body temperature is hot; can occur post-operatively or due to medication

196
Q

Scabies

A

Itchy, contagious mite (sarcoptes scabiei) infestation (not infection); mites burrow into the skin and cause severe itching

197
Q

Sepsis

A

Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulation host response to infection.
Organ dysfunction can be identified by an acute change in the total Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score > or = to 2 points due to infection.

198
Q

qSOFA

A

Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment = simplified version to asses sepsis that uses only three criteria:

  1. altered mental status
  2. systolic BP < or = to 100 mmHg
  3. respiratory > or = to 22 breaths per minute
199
Q

Septicemia

A

A severe bloodstream infection.

Also known as bacteremia = blood poisoning

200
Q

Shock

A

A medical emergency (w/HIGH mortality), characterized by hypoperfusion usually in the setting of hypotension

201
Q

Sialorrhea

A

Hypersalivation (drooling); can be due to Parkinsons disease.

202
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the sinuses (the hollow areas of the skull around the nose) can be due to infection or allergies; can cause SEVERE headache (sinus headache)

203
Q

Somnambulism

A

Sleep walking; can be caused by medication or part of parasomnias (unusual actions during sleep) due to non-benzodiazepines

204
Q

Somnolence

A

Sedation, usually due to medications

205
Q

Spirometry

A 
The pulmonary (lung) test that is used to diagnose and assess asthma and COPD
-measures how much air someone can inhale, exhale, and how fast they can exhale
206
Q

Steatorrhea

A

Fat globules in the feces due to DECREASED intestinal fat absorption
-Present in CF

207
Q

Steatosis

A

Abnormal collection of fat somewhere in the body

-Liver steatosis, in which fat collects in the liver = fatty liver

208
Q

Stenosis

A

Narrowing of space/s in the body
-bilateral renal stenosis = narrowing of BOTH renal arteries (which provide the major source of blood to the kidneys–> caused by atherosclerosis

209
Q

Stevens Johnsons Syndrome/Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

SJS/TEN

A

A severe skin reaction can be due to MANY drugs.
SJS: the less-severe end of the spectrum, which may/may not proceed to TEN = MORE severe
-Begins with FEVER and FLU-like symptoms, followed by skin blisters (initially on face and chest) that are BRIGHT RED, and spread rapidly
-Mucus membranes, nerves, eyes and genitalia can be affected.
-Can cause sepsis/shock/organ failure or death

210
Q

Stomatitis

A

Mouth inflammation can be due to medications and develop with mucositis (Inflammation/ulceration of the mucous membrane in the mouth and throat)

211
Q

Striae

A

Stretch marks on the skin can be due to losing weight quickly, pregnancy, and the use of chronic steroids, including heavy use of topical steroids.

212
Q

Stricture

A

An abnormal narrowing of a body passage, often seen in esophageal strictures, which are caused when acid refluxes into the esophagus, causing esophagitis with ulceration and leaving scar tissue that narrows the tube.
-Chronic acid exposure causes the cells to become abnormal, which is called Barrett’s esophagitis, and is a pre-cancerous condition.

213
Q

Stridor

A

Abnormal lung sound: high pitched whistling sounds; specific causes, including croup

214
Q

Syncope

A

Temporary loss of consciousness caused by a quick drop in blood pressure

215
Q

Synergy

A

A effect greater than the sum of the parts; drugs can be used together resulting in synergistic benefits

216
Q

Tachycardia

A

INCREASED HR > 100 BPM

217
Q

Tachyphylaxis

A

DECREASED response to the effect of a drug

218
Q

Teratogenic

A

A drug that will cause birth defects if taken during pregnancy

219
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

DECREASED platelets

220
Q

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)

A

Blood clots form throughout the body
-The clots consume platelets, which leads to bleeding under the skin and the formation of purpura (bruises) and petechia (dots), that are seen on the skin surface

221
Q

Thrush

A

Oral candidiasis infection inside of the mouth, can be due to severe immunocompromised state (AIDS) and localized immunocompromise from oral steroid inhaler use.

222
Q

Tinnitus

A

Ringing in the ears; can be due to toxicity from medications

223
Q

Torsades de Pointes (TdP)

A

A deadly type of ventricular tachycardia can be due to many drugs

224
Q

Trough level

A

The lowest concentration of a drug in the blood; troughs are usually measured at steady-state, right before a dose.
In contrast a PEAK level is measured after a drug has been given and has had time to distribute

225
Q

Uremia

A

A build up of urea (a nitrogen waste product) in the blood

-elevated BUN (blood urea nitrogen); can be due to kidney failure

226
Q

Urethra

A

The tube that carries urine from the bladder, and out of the body, runs through vaginal opening (in females)

227
Q

Ureter

A

The tubes that run from the kidney into the bladder, delivering the “renal filtrate” that will be excreted as urine.

228
Q

Urolithiasis

A

Kidney/bladder stones, that are VERY painful to pass

229
Q

Urticaria

A 
Hives: 
-Raised
-Itchy areas of skin
-affects top skin layer only (dermis) 
Can be due to drug reaction
230
Q

Xerophthalmia

A

Dry eyes; can be due to:

  • Sjogren’s Syndrome
  • Long daily use of contact lenses
  • dehydration
  • anticholinergics
231
Q

Xerostomia

A

Dry mouth; can be due to:

  • Sjogren’s Syndrome
  • Dehydration
  • anticholinergics

NAPLEX 2020 (19 decks)

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