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Medical Terminology > Medical, Surgical, Diagnostic Procedures > Flashcards

Medical, Surgical, Diagnostic Procedures Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Infusion therapy

Medical

A

Delivery of fluids directly into the blood stream via a vein for treating various disorders; also called IV therapy.

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2
Q

Ablation

Surgical

A

Removal of a part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency (RF)

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3
Q

Anastomosis

Surgical

A

Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another

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4
Q

Cauterize

Surgical

A

Destruction of tissue by electricity, freezing, heat, or corrosive chemicals

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5
Q

Curettage

Surgical

A

Scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curet)

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6
Q

Incision and drainage

Surgical

A

Incision made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a wound or cavity

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7
Q

Laser and surgery

Surgical

A

Use of high intensity laser light beam to remove diseased tissues, stop bleeding blood vessels, or for cosmetic purposes

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8
Q

Resection

Surgical

A

Removal of part or all of a structure, organ, or tissue

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9
Q

Revision

Surgical

A

Surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery

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10
Q

Assessment techniques

Clinical/diagnostic

A

Sequence of procedures designed to evaluate the health status of a patient.

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11
Q

Inspection

Clinical/diagnostic

A

General observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas

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12
Q

Palpation

Clinical/diagnostic

A

Gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures

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13
Q

Percussion

Clinical/diagnostic

A

Tapping a structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence or absence of fluids within the underlying structure.

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14
Q

Auscultation

Clinical/ diagnostic

A

Listening to the heart, bowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope to access the presence and quality of sounds.

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15
Q

Endoscopy

Endoscopic/diagnostic

A

Visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope.

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16
Q

Blood chemistry analysis

Laboratory/diagnostic

A

Laboratory test, usually performed on serum, to evaluate various substances to determine whether they fall within a normal range.

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17
Q

Complete blood count (CBC)

Laboratory/diagnostic

A

Panel of blood tests used as a broad screening test for anemia’s, infections, and other diseases

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18
Q

Organ-disease panels

Laboratory/diagnostic

A

Series of blood tests used to evaluate a specific organ (liver panel) or disease (anemia panel)

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19
Q

Computed tomography

Imaging/diagnostic

A

Imaging technique in which x-ray emitter rotates around the area to be scanned and a computer measures the intensity of transmitted x-rays from different angles; formerly called computerized axial tomography

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20
Q

Fluoroscopy

Imaging/diagnostic

A

Technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in continuous motion

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21
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Imaging/diagnostic

A

Technique that uses radio waves and strong magnetic field, rather than an X-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues

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22
Q

Nuclear scan

Imaging/diagnostic

A

Technique in which a radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) called a tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected) and a specialized camera (gamma camera) is used to produce images of organs and structures.

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23
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Imaging/diagnostic

A

Computed tomography récords the positrons (positive charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease

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24
Q

Radiography

Imaging/diagnostic

A

Technique in which x-rays are passed through the body or area and captured on a film to generate an image; also called x-ray

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25
Q

Single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT)

Imaging/diagnostic

A

Radiological technique that integrates computed tomography(CT) and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs

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26
Q

Ultrasonography (US)

Imaging/diagnostic

A

High-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo

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27
Q

Biopsy

Surgical/diagnostic

A

Removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis

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28
Q

Excisional

Surgical/diagnostic

A

Biopsy in which the entire lesson is removed

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29
Q

Incisional

Surgical/diagnostic

A

Biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed

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30
Q

Chemical peel

Medical

A

Chemical removal of the outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring and general keratosis; also called chemabrasion

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31
Q

Cryosurgery

A

Use of sub freezing temperatures (commonly liquid nitrogen) to destroy or eliminate abnormal tissue, such as tumors, warts, and unwanted, cancerous, or infected tissue

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32
Q

Debrisement

Medical

A

Removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents

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33
Q

Dermabrasion

A

Rubbing (abrasion) using wire brushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away (abrade) the epidermis

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34
Q

Fulguration

A

Tissue destruction by means of high-frequency electric current; also called electrodesiccation

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35
Q

Photodynamic therapy (PDT)

A

Procedure in which cells selectively treated with an agent called a photosensitizer are exposed to light to produce a reaction that destroys cells.

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36
Q

Biopsy (Bx, bx)

Surgical

A

Representative tissue sample removed from a body site for microscopic examination.

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37
Q

Frozen section (FS)

A

Ultrathin slice of tissue from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination

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38
Q

Needle

Surgical

A

Removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe

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39
Q

Punch

Surgical

A

Removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow punch

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40
Q

Shave

Surgical

A

Removal of elevated lesions using a surgical blade.

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41
Q

Mohs

Surgical

A

Layers of cancer-containing skin progressively removed and examined until only cancer-free tissue remains

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42
Q

Skin graft

Surgical

A

Transplantation of healthy tissue to an injured site

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43
Q

Allograft

Surgical

A

Transplantation of healthy tissue from one person to another person; also called homograft

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44
Q

Autograft

Surgical

A

Transplantation of healthy tissue from one site to another site in the same individual

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45
Q

Synthetic

Surgical

A

Transplantation of artificial skin produced from collagen fibers arranged in a lattice pattern

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46
Q

xenograft

Surgical

A

Transplantation (Demis only) from a foreign donor (usually a pig) and transferred to a human; also called heterograft

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47
Q

allergy skin test

Diagnostic

A

Any test in which a suspected allergen or sentisizer is applied to or injected into the skin to determine the patient’s sensitivity to it

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48
Q

intradermal

A

Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by subcutaneously injecting small amounts of extracts of the suspected allergens and observing the skin for subsequent reaction

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49
Q

Path

Diagnostic

A

Skin test that identifies allergic contact dermatitis by applying a suspected allergen to a patch which is then taped on the skin, usually the forearm, and observing the area 24 hours later for an allergic response

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50
Q

Scratch

Diagnostic

A

Skin test that identifies suspected allergens by placing a small quantity of the suspected allergen on a lightly scratched area of the skin; also called puncture or prick test.

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51
Q

Culture & sensitivity (C&S)

Diagnostic

A

Laboratory test that grows a colony of bacteria removed from an infected area (such as an ulcer, wound, or pus from an infection) in order to identify the specific infecting bacterium and then determine its sensitivity to antibiotic drugs

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52
Q

Electromyography

A

Use of electrical stimulation to diagnose the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them ( motor neurons)

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53
Q

Reduction

Closed

Open

A

Procedure that restores a bone to its normal position

Reduction in which fractured bones are realigned by manipulation rather than surgery

Reduction in which fractured bones are placed in their proper position during surgery

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54
Q

Bone immobilization

Casting

Splinting

Traction

A

Procedures used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture, and facilitate the healing process

Bone immobilization by application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with player of Paris or similar material

Bone immobilization by application of an orthopedic device to the injured body part

Bone immobilization by application of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize a fracture

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55
Q

Amputation

A

Partial or complete removal of an extremely due to trauma or circulatory disease

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56
Q

Arthrocentesis

A

Puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid

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57
Q

Arthroclasia

A

Surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement

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58
Q

Arthroscopy

A

Visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope that contains a magnifying lens, fiberoptic light, and miniature camera that projects images on a monitor

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59
Q

Bone grafting

A

Implantation or transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as replacement for damages or missing bone tissue

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60
Q

Bursectomy

A

Excision of bursa (pad like sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)

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61
Q

Laminectomy

A

Excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra

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62
Q

Prosthesis fitting

A

Replacement of a missing part by an artificial substitute such as an artificial extremity

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63
Q

Revision surgery

Bone

A

Surgery repeated to correct problems of a previously unsuccessful surgery or to replace a worn-out prosthesis

Revision surgery to correct misalignment of bones, broken prostheses, and bone fractures occurring around the prostheses

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64
Q

Sequestrectomy

A

Excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)

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65
Q

Synovectomy

A

Excision of a synovial membrane

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66
Q

Total hip replacement (THR)

A

Surgical procedure to replace a. Hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis

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67
Q

Arthrography

A

Series of radiographs taken after infection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint

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68
Q

Bone density test (bone densitometry)

A

Noninvasive procedure that uses low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and usually measures bones of the spine, hip, and forearm; also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

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69
Q

Discography

A

Radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures with injection of a contrast medium

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70
Q

Lumbosacral spinal radiography

A

Radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine

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71
Q

Myelography

A

Radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks, or other lesions

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72
Q

Scintigraphy

Bone

A

Nuclear medicine procedure that visualizes various tissues and organs after administration of a radionuclide

Scintigraphy in which the radionuclide is injected intravenously and taken up into the bone

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73
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Recording of electrical activity in the brain, whose cells emit distinct patterns of rhythmic electrical impulses

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74
Q

Electromyography (EMG)

A

Recording of electrical signals (action potentials) that occur in a muscle when it’s at rest and during contraction to
Assess muscular disease or nerve damage

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75
Q

Lumbar puncture (LP)

A

Needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduce anesthetic agents into the spinal canal, or remove fluid to allow other fluids (such as radi opaque substances) to be injected called spinal puncture and spinal tap

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76
Q

Nerve conduction velocity (NCV)

A

Test that measures the speed at which impulses travel though a nerve

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77
Q

Cryosurgery

A

Technique that exposes abnormal tissue to extreme cold to destroy it

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78
Q

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)

A 
Precisely focused (stereotactic) radiation beams are used to treat tumors and other abnormal growths in the brain, spinal
Column and other body site, and delivers high doses of radiation to the tumor with minimal exposure to surrounding healthy tissue
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79
Q

Thalamotomy

A

Partial destruction of the thalamus to treat intractable pain; involuntary movements, including tremors in parkinson disease; or emotional disturbances

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80
Q

Tractotomy

A

Transection of a nerve tract in the brain stem or spinal cord

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81
Q

Trephination

A

Technique that cuts a circular opening into the skull to reveal brain tissue and decrease intracranial pressure

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82
Q

Ventriculoperitoneal shunting

A

Relieves intracranial pressure due to hydrocephalus by diverting (shunting) excess cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles into the peritoneal or thoracic cavity

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83
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

A

Laboratory test to examine a sample of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord; used to diagnose disorders of the central nervous system, including viral and bacterial infections, tumors, and hemorrhage

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84
Q

Angiography

A

Radiographic image (angiogram) of the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium; also called arteriography

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85
Q

Computed tomography angiography (CTA)

A

Angiography in combination with CT scam to produce high-resolution, three dimensional vascular images of the blood vessels

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86
Q

Discography

A

CT scan of the lumbar region after injection of a contrast medium to detect problems with the spine and spinal nerve roots

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87
Q

Echoencephalography

A

Ultrasound technique used to study intracranial structures of the brain and diagnose conditions that cause a shift in the midline structures of the brain

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88
Q

Magnetic source imaging (MSI)

A

No invasive neuroimaging technique to pinpoint the specific location where seizure activity originated and enable custom surgical treatment for tumor and epileptic tissue resection; also called magnetoencephalography

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89
Q

Myelography

A

Radiographic examination to detect pathology of the spinal cord, including the location of a spinal cord injury, cysts, and tumors following injection of a contrast medium

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90
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Computed tomography that records the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical and produces a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease

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91
Q

Ear irrigation

A

Flushing of the ear canal with water or saline to dislodge foreign bodies or impacted cerumen (earwax)

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92
Q

Sit lamp examination (SLE)

A

Stereoscopic magnified view of the anterior eye structures in detail, which includes the cornea, lens, iris, sclera, and vitreous humor

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93
Q

Blepharoplasty

A

Cosmetic surgery that removes fatty tissue above and below the eyes that commonly form as a result of the aging process or excessive exposure to the sun

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94
Q

Pressure equalizing (PE)

A

Insertion of the tubes through tympanic membrane, commonly used to treat chronic otitis media also called tympanostomy or ventilation

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95
Q

Cochlear implant insertion

A

Placement of an artificial hearing device that produces hearing sensations by electrically stimulating nerves inside the inner ear, also called bionic ear

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96
Q

Cyclodialysis

A

Formation of an opening between the anterior I chamber and the Suprachoroidal space for the draining of aqueous humor in glaucoma

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97
Q

Enucleation

A

Removal of the eyeball from the orbit

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98
Q

Evisceration

A

Removal of the contents of the eye while leaving the sclera and cornea intact

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99
Q

Mastoid antrotomy

A

Surgical opening of a cavity within the mastoid process

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100
Q

Otoplasty

A

Corrective surgery for a deformed or excessively large or small pinma

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101
Q

Phacoemulsification

A

Method of treating cataracts by using ultrasonic waves to disintegrate a cloudy lens, which is then aspirated and removed

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102
Q

Radial keratotomy (RK)

A

Incision of the Correa for treatment of nearsightedness or astigmatisms

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103
Q

Sclerostomy

A

Surgical formation of an opening in the sclera

104
Q

Tympanoplasty

A

Reconstruction of the eardrum, commonly due to perforation; also called myringoplasty

105
Q

Audiometry

A

Measurement of hearing acuity at various sound wave frequencies

106
Q

Caloric stimulation test

A

Test that uses different water temperatures to assess the vestibular portion of the nerve of the inner ear (acoustic nerve) to determine if nerve damage is the cause of vertigo

107
Q

Electrosyntagmography (ENG)

A

Method of assessing and recording eye movements by measuring the electrical activity of the extraocular muscles

108
Q

Gonioscopy

A

Examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye to determine ocular motility and rotation and diagnose and manage glaucoma

109
Q

Ophthalmodynamometry

A

Measurement of the blood pressure of the retinal vessels

110
Q

Ophthalmoscopy

A

Visual examination of the interior of the eye using a handheld instrument called an ophthalmoscope, which has various adjustable lenses for magnification and a light source to illuminate the interior of the eye

111
Q

Otoscopy

Pneumatic

A

Visual examination of the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane using an otoscope

Procedure that assessed the ability of the tympanic membrane to
Move in response to a change in air pressure

112
Q

Retinoscopy

A

Evaluation of refractive errors of the eye by projecting a light into the eyes and determining the movement of reflected light rays

113
Q

Tonometry

A

Evaluation of intraocular pressure by measuring the

Resistance of the eyeball to indentation by an applied force

114
Q

Tuning fork test

Rinne

Weber

A

Evaluation of sound conduction using a vibrating running fork

Tunning fork test that evaluates bone conduction (BC) versus air conduction (AC) of sound

Tuning fork test that evaluates bone conduction of sound in both ears at the same time

115
Q

Visual acuity (VA) test

A

Part of an eye examination that determines the smallest letters that can be read on a standardized chart at a distance of 20 feet

116
Q

Dacryocystography

A

Radiographic imaging procedure of the nasolacrimal (tear) glands and ducts

117
Q

Fluorescein angiography

A

Evaluation of blood vessels and their leakage in and beneath the retina after injection of fluorescein dye, which circulates while photographs of the vessels within the eye are obtained

118
Q

Aerosol therapy

A

Lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in most form directly to the lungs or air passageways

119
Q

Antral lavage

A

Washing or irrigating of the paranasal sinuses to remove mucopurulent material in an immunosuppressed patient or one with known sinusitis that has failed medical management

120
Q

Oximetry

A

Noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin (Hb) saturated with oxygen

Also called pulse oximetry

121
Q

Polysomnography

A

Test of sleep cycles and stages using continuous recording of brain waves (EEGs), electrical activity of muscles, eye movement, respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm and sometimes direct observation of the person during sleep using a video camera

122
Q

Postural drainage

A

Method of positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from
The bronchi and loves of the lungs

123
Q

Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

A

Variety of tests used to evaluate respiratory function, the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air as well as perform Gad exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane

124
Q

Spirometry

A

PFT that measures the breathing capacity of the lungs, including the time necessary for exhaling the total volume of inhaled air

125
Q

Endotracheal intubation

A

Procedure in which a plastic tube is inserted into the trachea to maintain an open airway

126
Q

Pleurectomy

A

Excision of part of the pleura, usually the parietal pleura

127
Q

Pneumectomy

A

Excision of a lung or a portion of the lung, commonly for treatment of cancer

128
Q

Septoplasty

A

Surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures

129
Q

Thoracentesis

A

Surgical puncture and drainage of the pleural cavity

Also called pleurocentesis or thoracocentesis

130
Q

Tracheostomy

A

Surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted

131
Q

Mantoux test

A

Intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction where the area around the test site becomes red and swollen

132
Q

Bronchoscopy

A

Visual examination of the bronchi using and endoscope (flexible fiberoptic or rigid) inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of the structures or for projection on a monitor

133
Q

Laryngoscopy

A

Visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury, or other abnormalities

134
Q

Mediastinoscopy

A

Visual examination of the mediastinal structures including the heart trachea esophagus bronchus thymus and lymph nodes

135
Q

Arterial blood Gas (ABG)

A

test that measures dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood

136
Q

Sputum culture

A

Microbial year used to identify disease causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract especially those that cause pneumonia’s

137
Q

Sweat test

A

Measurement of the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in sweat

138
Q

Throat culture

A

Test used to identify pathogens, especially group A streptococci

139
Q

Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA)

A

Minimally invasive imaging that combines computed tomography scanning and angiography to produce images of the pulmonary arteries

140
Q

Ventilation percussion (V-Q) scan

A

Nuclear test scan that evaluates both airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs for evidence of a blood clot in the lungs

141
Q

Defibrillation

A

Electrical shock delivered randomly during the cardiac cycle to treat emergency life threatening arrhythmias

142
Q

Cardioversion

A

Defibrillation technique using low energy shocks to treat an arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, or ventricular tachycardia) and is usually synchronized with the large R waves of the ECG complex to restore normal heart rhythm

143
Q

Sclerotherapy

A

Injection of a chemical irritant (sclerosing agent) into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein

144
Q

Thrombolysis

A

Destruction of a blood clot using anti clotting agents called clot busters, such as tissue plasminogen activator

145
Q

Angioplasty

A

Any endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels and restores forward blood flow

146
Q

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

A

Angioplasty of the coronary arteries in which a balloon catheter is inserted through the skin into the right femoral artery and threaded to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore forward blood flow

147
Q

Biopsy

Arterial

A

Removal of a small piece of tissue for diagnostic purposes

Removal of a segment of an arterial vessel wall to confirm inflammation of the wall or arteritis a type of vasculitis

148
Q

Catheter ablation

A

Treatment for cardiac arrhythmias

Usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance

149
Q

Commissurotomy

A

Surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their points of contact (commissures)

150
Q

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

A

Placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked part of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle

151
Q

Embolectomy

A

Removal of an embolus

152
Q

Endarterectomy

A

Removal of fatty plaque from the interior of an occluded vessel using a specially designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device

153
Q

Automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (AICD) insertion

A

Implantation of a battery powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation by sending electrical impulses to the heart in patients who are at risk of sudden cardiac death

154
Q

Laser ablation

A

Procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins

155
Q

Open heart surgery

A

Surgical procedure performed on or within the exposed heart usually with the assistance of a heart lung machine

156
Q

Stent placement

A

Placement of a mesh tube inserted into a natural passage or conduit in the body to prevent or counteract a disease induced localized flow constriction

157
Q

Valvotomy

A

Incision of a valve to increase the size of the opening

Used in treating mitral stenosis

158
Q

Cardiac catheterization (CC)

A

Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

159
Q

Electrophysiology study (EPS)

A

Procedure used to determine the cause of life threatening cardiac arrhythmias by mapping the hearts conduction system in a patient with arrhythmia

160
Q

Electrocardiography

Holter monitor test

Stress test

A

Procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest arms and legs

ECG Galen with a small, portable recording system capable of storing up to 48 hours of ECG tracings

ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)

161
Q

Cardiac enzyme studies

A

Blood test that measures the presence and amount of cardiac enzymes in the blood including troponin T, troponin I, and creative kinase (CK-MB)

162
Q

Lipid panel

A

Series of blood test (total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease

163
Q

Angiography

Aortography

Coronary

A

Radiographic image (angiogram) of the inside of a blood vessel after injection of a contrast medium

Angiography of the aorta and it’s branches after injection of a contrast medium

Angiography that is used to determine the degree of stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart

164
Q

MRI

Cardiac

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

A

Noninvasive technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field rather than an X-ray beam to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross sectional views of soft tissues

Specialized MRI that provides info on both static and moving images of the heart, including blood flow and velocity

Type of MRI scan that uses magnetic field and radio waves to provide detailed images of blood vessels

165
Q

Multiple gated acquisition (MUGA) scab

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

Nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how well the heart walls move as the contract and calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)

MUGA scan of the heart in which the gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as “slices” of the heart (tomography)

166
Q

Nuclear perfusion study

A

Test used in conjunction with a stress test to detect the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) that is causing partial obstruction of the coronary arteries

167
Q

Ultrasonography (US)

Doppler

Echocardiography

A

High frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an integral body structure

Ultrasonography used to assess blood flow through blood vessels and the heart

Ultrasonography that is used to visualize internal cardiac structures, produce images of the heart, and assess cardiac output

168
Q

Venography

A

Radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vein indication obstruction

169
Q

Immunotherapy

Allergy injections

Biological

A

Any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates or restores the body’s natural immune mechanisms to treat disease

Injection with increasing strengths of the offending antigen given over a period of months or years to increase tolerance to an antigen responsible for severe allergies

Use of immune system stimulators to enhance the immune response in the treatment of certain forms of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and crohn disease

170
Q

Bone marrow aspiration

A

Removal of a small sample of bone marrow using a thin aspirating needle (usually from the pelvis) for microscopic examination

171
Q

Bone marrow transplant

Autologous

Homologous

A

Infusion of healthy bone marrow stem cells after the diseases bone marrow is destroyed by chemotherapy and or radiation therapy (used to treat leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain cancers)

Infusion of the patients own bone marrow or stem cells after a course of chemotherapy and or radiation therapy

Infusion of bone marrow or stem cells from a compatible donor after a course of chemotherapy and or radiation

172
Q

Lymphadenectomy

A

Removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures undertaken to remove malignant tissue

173
Q

Sentinel node excision

A

Removal of the first node (sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer-containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells

174
Q

Transfusion

A

Infusion of blood or blood products from one person (donor) to another person (recipient)

175
Q

Antinuclear antibody (ANA)

A

Test to identify antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individuals own body cells

176
Q

Blood culture

A

Test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream

177
Q

Complete blood count (CBC)

A

Series of tests that includes hemoglobin ;hematocrit; red and white blood cell counts, platelet count; and differential count

178
Q

Monospot

A

Nonspecific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile antibody which develops several days after injection by Epstein Barr virus, the organism that caused infectious mononucleosis

179
Q

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

A

Test that measures the length of time it takes blood to clot to screen for deficiencies of some clotting factors

180
Q

Prothrombin time PT

A

Tests that measures the time it takes for prothrombin to form a clot; also called pro time

181
Q

Shilling test

A

Test used to diagnose pernicious anemia by determining if the body properly absorbs vitamin B12 through the digestive tract

182
Q

Lymphangiography

A

Visualization of lymphatic channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymph system

183
Q

Lymphoscintigraphy

A

Introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstructions, and locate the sentinel node

184
Q

Dialysis

A

Mechanical filtering process used to cleanse the blood of toxic substances, such as nitrogenous wastes, when kidneys fail to function properly

185
Q

Hemodialysis

A

Type of dialysis in which an artificial kidney machine receives waste-filled blood, filters the blood, and returns the dialyzed (clean) blood to the patient’s bloodstream

186
Q

Peritoneal

A

Type of dialysis in which toxic substances are removed from the body by using the peritoneal membrane as the filter by perfuming (flushing) the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution

187
Q

Kidney transplant

A

Replacement of a diseased kidney with one tht is supplied by a compatible donor (usually a family member or cadaver who has donated the kidney prior to death)

188
Q

Nephropexy

A

Fixation of a floating or mobile kidney

189
Q

Nephrostomy

A

The passage of a tube through the skin and into the renal pelvis to drain urine to a collecting receptacle outside the body when the ureters are unable to do so

190
Q

Stent placement

Ureteral

A

Insertion of a mesh tube into a natural passage conduit in the body to prevent, or counteract a disease-induced, localized flow constriction

Insertion of a thin narrow tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney

191
Q

Urethrotomy

A

Incision of a urethral stricture

192
Q

Electromyography EMG

A

Measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes places in the rectum and urethra

193
Q

Cystoscopy (cysto)

A

Examination of the urinate bladder for evidence of pathology, obtaining biopsies of tumors or other growths, and removal of polyps using a specialized endoscope

194
Q

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

Determines the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea, a waste product of protein metabolism

195
Q

Culture and sensitivity (C&S)

A

Determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibiotics

196
Q

Urinalysis (UA)

A

Urine screening test that includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation

197
Q

Ultrasonography

Bladder

A

High frequency waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound sonography and echo

US produces images of the bladder to measure pre and post void residual urine, thus determining bladder volume and potentially identifying incomplete bladder emptying

198
Q

Intravenous pyelography (IVP)

A

Imaging of the urinate tract after IV injection of a contrast medium

199
Q

Nuclear scan

Renal

A

Technique in which a radiopharmaceutical called tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected) and a specialized camera (gamma camera) is used to produce images of organs and structures

Nuclear scan of the kidneys used to determine their size, shape, and position

200
Q

Voiding cystourethrography VCUG

A

X-ray of the bladder and urethra performed before during and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging

201
Q

Intrauterine device IUD

A

Small, T shaped device inserted by a physician inside the uterus to prevent pregnancy

202
Q

Cerclage

A

Suturing of the cervix to prevent it from dilating prematurely during pregnancy, thus decreasing the chance of a spontaneous abortion

203
Q

Cesarean section

A

Incision of the abdomen and uterus to remove the fetus; also called c section

204
Q

Colpocleisis

A

Surgical closure of the vagina canal

205
Q

Conization

A

Envision of a cone shaped piece of tissue such as mucosa of the cervix for histological examination

206
Q

Cordocentesis

A

Sampling of fetal blood drawn from the umbilical vein and performed under ultrasound guidance

207
Q

Cryosurgery

A

Process of freezing tissue to destroy cells; also called cryocautery

208
Q

Dilation and curettage D&C

A

Widening of the cervical canal with a dilator and scraping of the tissue of the uterine endometrium with a Curette

209
Q

Hysterectomy

Subtotal

Total

Total plus bilateral salpingo oophorectomy

A

Excision of the uterus

Hysterectomy where the cervix, ovaries, and Fallopian tubes remain

Hysterectomy where the cervix is removed but the ovaries and Fallopian tubes remain

Total (complete) hysterectomy, including removal of the uterus, cervix, Fallopian tubes and ovaries

210
Q

Laparoscopy

A

Visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus

211
Q

Lumpectomy

A

Excision of a small primary breast tumor (or lump) and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it

212
Q

Mammoplasty

Augmentation

Reduction

A

Surgical reconstruction of the breast’s to change the size shape or position

Insertion of a breast prosthesis (filled with silicone gel or saline) beneath the skin or beneath the pectoralis major muscle

Breast reduction to reduce the size of a large pendulous breast

213
Q

Mastectomy

Total (simple)

Modified radical

Radical

A

Excision of the entire breast

Excision of the entire breast, Nipple, areola, and the involved overlying skin

Excision of the entire breast including the lymph nodes in the underarm (axillary dissection)

Excision of the entire breast, all underarm lymph nodes , and chest wall muscles under the breast

214
Q

Reconstructive breast surgery

Tissue (skin) expansion

A

Creation of a breast shaped mound to replace a breast that has been removed due to cancer or their diseases

Common breast reconstruction technique in which a balloon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle, saline solution is gradually injected to increase size, and the expander is then replaced with a more permanent implant

215
Q

Transverse rectus abdominis muscle TRAM flap

A

Surgical creation of a skin flap using skin and fat from the lower half of the abdomen, which is passed under the skin to the breast area, and then shaping the abdominal tissue (flap) into a natural looking breast and suturing it into place

216
Q

Tubal ligation

A

Procedure that ties (ligates) the Fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy

217
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasounds guidance using a needle (positioned verified by US on a monitor screen) and syringe to remove amniotic fluid

218
Q

Colposcopy

A

Visual examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument (colposcope)

219
Q

Insufflation

Tubal

A

Delivery of pressurized air or gas into a cavity chamber or organ to allow visual examination, remove and obstruction or apply medication

Test for patency of the uterine tubes made by transuterine insufflation with carbon dioxide

220
Q

Pelvimetry

A

Measurement of pelvic dimensions to determine whether the head of the fetus will be able to pass through the bony pelvis to allow delivery

221
Q

Choronic villus sampling CVS

A

Sampling of placental tissues for prenatal diagnosis of potential genetic defects

222
Q

Endometrial biopsy

A

Removal of a sample of uterine endometrium for microscopic study

223
Q

Papanicolaou Pap Test

A

Cytological study used to detect abnormal cells sloughed from the cervix and vagina, usually obtained during routine pelvic examination

224
Q

Hysterosalpingography HSG

A

Radiography and, usually, fluoroscopy of the uterus and uterine tubes (oviducts) following injection of a contrast medium

225
Q

Mammography

A

Radiographic examination of the breast to screen for breast cancer

226
Q

Ultrasound transvaginal

A

US of the pelvic area performed with a probe inserted into the vagina, which provides sharper images of pathological and normal structures within the pelvis

227
Q

Digital rectal examination DRE

A

Screening test that assesses the rectal wall surface for lesions or evaluate abnormalities of the pelvic area

228
Q

Orchiectomy

A

Removal of one or both testicles

Also called castration or orchidectomy

229
Q

Circumcision

A

Removal of the foreskin or fold of skin covering the top (glans) of the penis

230
Q

Orchiopexy

A

Fixation is the testes in the scrotum

231
Q

Prostatectomy

Transurethral resection of prostate TURP

A

Removal of all or part of the prostate

Excision of the prostate gland by inserting a special endoscope (resectoscope) through the urethra and into the bladder to remove small pieces of tissue from the prostate gland

232
Q

Urethroplasty

A

Reconstruction of the urethra to relive stricture or narrowing

233
Q

Vasectomy

A

Removal of all of a segment of the vas deferens for male sterilization

234
Q

Prostate specific antigen PSA

A

Blood test used to detect prostatic disorders especially prostate cancer

235
Q

Semen analysis

A

Test that analyzes a semen sample for volume, sperm count, motility, and morphology to evaluate fertility or verify sterilization after a vasectomy

236
Q

US prostate

Scrotal

A

US using an ultrasound probe inserted through the rectum to evaluate the prostate

US used to assess the contents of the scrotum including the testicles epididymis and vas deferens

237
Q

Nasogastric intubation

A

Insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric distention by removing gas, food, or gastric secretions; instill medication , food, or fluids; or obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis

238
Q

Anastomosis

ileorectal

intestinal

A

Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another

Surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis

Surgical connection of two portions of the intestines; also called enteroenterostomy

239
Q

Bariatric surgery

A

Group of procedures that treat morbid obesity, a condition that arises from severe accumulation of excess weight as fatty tissue, and the results t health problems

240
Q

Vertical banded gastroplasty

A

Bariatric surgery that involves vertical stalling of the upper stomach near the esophagus to reduce it to a small pouch and insertion of a band that restricts food consumption and delays it’s passage from the pouch causing a feeling of fullness

241
Q

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass RGB

A

Bariatric surgery that involves stapling the stomach to decrease its size and then shortening the jejunum and connecting it to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration, which decreases the pathway of food through the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats

242
Q

Colostomy

A

Creation of an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert decal flow to a colostomy bag

243
Q

Lithotripsy

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

A

Procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves

Use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts

244
Q

Polypectomy

A

Excision of a polyp

245
Q

Pyloromyotomy

A

Incision of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pylorus which is used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

246
Q

Gastrointestinal endoscopy

A

Visual examination of the gastrointestinal tract using a flexible fiberoptic instrument with a magnifying lens and a light source (endoscope) to identify abnormalities, including bleeding, ulcerations, and tumors

247
Q

Hepatitis panel

A

Panel of blood tests that identifies the specific virus- hepatitis A HAV, hepatitis B HBV, or hepatitis C HCV, that is causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens

248
Q

Liver function tests LFTs

A

Group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions commonly associated with the biliary tract

249
Q

Serum bilirubin

A

Measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood

250
Q

Stool culture

A

Test to identify microorganisms or parasites present in feces that are causing a gastrointestinal infection

251
Q

Stool guaiac

A

Test that applies a substance called guaiac to a stool sample to detect the presence of occult (hidden) blood in the feces ; also called hemoccult

252
Q

Lower gastrointestinal series

A

Radiographic images of the rectum and colon following administration of barium into the rectum ; also called lower GI series or barium enema

253
Q

Oral cholecystogtaphy OCG

A

Radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet

254
Q

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography MRCP

A

MRI is used to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts and gallbladder in a non invasive manner

255
Q

Sialography

A

Radiologic examination of the salivary glands and ducts

256
Q

US Abdominal

US Endoscopic

A

Ultrasound visualization of the abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and bladder

Combines endoscopy and ultrasound to examine and obtain images of the digestive tract and the surrounding tissue and organs

257
Q

Upper gastrointestinal series UGIS

A

Radiographic images of the esophagus, stomach, and small insteatine following oral administration of barium

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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