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Medical Terminology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Antagonistic

A

Acting in opposition; mutually opposing

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2
Q

Electrolyte

A

Mineral salt (sodium, potassium, calcium) that carries an electrical charge in solution

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3
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells that stimulates the liver to change stored glycogen (a starch form of sugar) to glucose.

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4
Q

Glucose

A

Simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion

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5
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that allows body cells to use glucose for energy or store it in the liver as glycogen

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6
Q

Sympathomimetic

A

Agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

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7
Q

Pituitary Gland (hypophysis)

A

Is a pea sized organ located at the base of the brain.

It’s known as the MASTER GLAND because it regulates many body activities and stimulates other glands to secrete (produce) their own specific hormones.

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8
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Produces at least 6 hormones.

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9
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Stores and secretes two hormones produced by the hypothalamus:

  1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
    Abnormal variations makes it more difficult for the body to removed water
  2. Oxytocin

These hormones are released into the bloodstream

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10
Q

Thyroid gland

A

The largest gland of the endocrine system.

An H-shaped organ located in the neck just below the larynx, composed of two large lobes separated by a strip of tissue called an isthmus.

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11
Q

Thyroid hormone (TH)

A

Is the body’s major metabolic hormone

Increases the rate of oxygen consumption and rate at which carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are metabolized

Affects virtually every cell in the body

Influences growth hormone and plays and important role in maintaining blood pressure

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12
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

The major hormone secreted by the thyroid

Increases energy production from all food types

Increases rate of protein synthesis

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13
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Formed at the target tissues by conversion of T4 to T3

Increases energy production from all food types

Increases rate of protein synthesis

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14
Q

Parathyroid glands

A

Consists of at least four separate glands located on the posterior surface of the lobes of the thyroid gland.

Produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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15
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Helps to regulate calcium balance by stimulations three target organs: bones, kidneys, and intestines.

Calcium and phosphates are released from bones, increasing concentration of these substances in blood

Causes kidneys to conserve blood calcium and increase the excretion of phosphates in urine.

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16
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Are paired organs covering the superior surface of the kidneys

Also known as suprarenal glands because of their location

Each adrenal gland is dived into two sections, each having its own structure and function.

  1. Adrenal cortex
  2. Adrenal medulla
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17
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Produces three types of steroid hormones

  1. mineralocorticoids
  2. Glucocorticoids
  3. Sex hormones

Mainly associated with Addison disease and cushion syndrome

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18
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Produce two closely related hormones, epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Both hormones are activated when the body responds to crisis situations and are

considered sympathomimetic agents because they produce effects that mimic those brought about by the sympathetic nervous system.

Epinephrine produced in larger amounts

Norepinephrine raises blood pressure

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19
Q

Pancreas

A

Lies inferior to the stomach in a bend or the duodenum.

Carries digestive secretions from the pancreas to the small intestine through a large pancreatic duct. Assist in breaking down proteins, starches, and fats in the small intestine

In endocrine role the pancreas produces 2 other hormones through the islets of langerhans: glucagon produced my alpha cells and insulin proved by beta cells

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20
Q

Glucagon

A

Stimulates the release of glucose from storage sites in the liver when blood glucose levels are low ( hypoglycemia) thereby raining blood glucose level

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21
Q

Insulin

A

Clears glucose molecules from the blood by promoting their storage tissues as carbohydrates when blood glucose levels are high (hyperglycemia) thereby lowering blood glucose level and enabling cells to use glucose for energy

22
Q

Pineal gland

A

Shaped like a pine cone and is attached to the posterior part of the third ventricle of the brain.

Produces the hormone melatonin

When melatonin production is high, ovulation is blocked, causing a delay in puberty

23
Q

Endocrinology

A

The branch of medicine concerned with endocrine disorders

24
Q

Endocrinologist

A

The physician who specializes in diagnoses and treatment of endocrine disorders

25
Q

Cretinism

A

Form of hypothyroidism, develops in infants

If not treated leads to mental retardations, impaired growth, low body temp., and abnormal bone formation

26
Q

Myxedema

A

Form of hypothyroidism, develops in adults

Symptoms include: edema, low blood levels of T3 and T4, weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, depression, muscle or joint pain, and sluggishness

27
Q

Graves’ disease

A

One of the two most common disorders of hypothyroidism

Elevated metabolic rate, abnormal weight loss, excessive perspiration, muscle weakness, and emotional instability

Exophthalmos- protruded eyes

28
Q

Goiter

A

One of the two common disorders of hyperthyroidism

Enlarged thyroid gland

29
Q

Hypoparathyroidism (PTH)

A

Insufficient production of parathyroid hormone

Caused by primary parathyroid dysfunction or elevated blood calcium levels.

Can result from an injury or from surgical removal of the glands

Excessive production (PTH) commonly caused by a benign tumor

30
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Primary effect of hypoparathyroidism is a decreased blood calcium level

Causes tetany

31
Q

Tetany

A

Muscle twitches and spasms caused by hypocalcemia (decreased calcium)

32
Q

Osteitis fibrosa cystica

A

Demineralization of bones caused by an increase in PTH

Making them porous (osteoporosis) highly susceptible to fracture and deformity

33
Q

Adenoma

A

Benign glandular tumor of the parathyroid

34
Q

Addison Disease

A

Uncommon chronic disorder caused by a deficiency of cortical hormones, results when the adrenal cortex is damaged

Clinical manifestations include: muscle weakness, anorexia, gastrointestinal symptoms, fatigue, hypoglycemia, hypotension, low blood sodium (hyponatremia), and high serum potassium (hyperkalemia)

35
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Is a cluster of symptoms produced by excessive amounts of cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) , or both circulating in the blood.

36
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Most common adrenal medulla disorder

Also known as neoplasm which produces excessive amounts of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Produce high blood pressure, rapid heart rate, stress, fear, palpitations, headaches, visual blurring, muscle spasms, and sweating

37
Q

Diabetes

Refers to diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

Most common pancreatic disorder

Chronic metabolic disorder of impaired carbohydrates, protein, and fat metabolism due to insufficient production of insulin or the body’s inability to use insulin properly

When body cells are deprived from glucose, principal energy fuel, they begin to metabolize proteins and fats.

38
Q

Ketosis

A

Fat metabolism produces ketones, which enter the blood

Responsible for the host of troubling and commonly life threatening symptoms of diabetes

39
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

When insulin is lacking, sugar doesn’t enter cells but returns to the bloodstream with a subsequent rise in its concentration in the blood

40
Q

Glucosuria

A

When blood glucose levels elevate beyond a level tolerated by the kidneys, glucose “spills” into the urine

41
Q

Polyphagia

A

Because glucose is unavailable to cells, cellular starvation results and leads to hunger and an increased appetite

42
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Usually diagnosed in children and young adults

Body doesn’t produce sufficient insulin

Daily injections of insulin required to maintain normal blood glucose level.

Report rapidly developing symptoms

43
Q

Guclometer

A

Instrument determines the amount of sugar in the blood sample so that insulin can be injected if needed.

44
Q

Insulin pump

A

Small device administers insulin via a portable pump, which infuses insulin continuously in small (basal) amounts through an indwelling needle under the skin

45
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Most common form

Typically later in life

Risk factors include a family history of diabetes and obesity

The body is deficient in producing sufficient insulin or the body’s cells are resistant to insulin action in target tissues

The patients symptoms are commonly vague, long standing, and develop gradually

46
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Diabetic acidosis

Diabetic coma

A

Primary complications of type 1 diabetes

May develop over several days or weeks

Can be caused by too little insulin, failure to follow a prescribed diet, physical or emotional stress, or undiagnosed diabetes

47
Q

(Dx, dx) diagnosis

A

Secondary complications due to long standing diabetes emerge years after the initial diagnosis

Common chronic complications include diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy

Retinas blood vessels are destroyed causing vision loss and eventually blindness.

Diabetic nephropathy destruction of the kidneys causes renal insufficiency and commonly requires hemodialysis or renal transplantation

48
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

May occur in women who aren’t diabetic but develop diabetes during the pregnancy

They develop an inability to metabolize carbohydrates with resultant hyperglycemia

49
Q

Pancreatic cancer

A

Pain is prominent feature whether it arises in the head, body, or tail of the organ

Prognosis is poor with only 2% survival rate in 5 years

4th leading cause of cancer death in the USA

Highest incense among people ages 60 to 70

Cigarette smoking, exposure to occupational chemicals, diet high in fats, & heavy coffee intake are associated with increases incidence of pancreatic cancer

50
Q

Pituitary Tumors

A

Abnormal growths that develop in the pituitary gland

Some tumors can restrict normal
Function of the gland causing it to produce lower levels of hormones

Vast majority of pituitary tumors are no cancerous(Benign) growths known as ADENOMAS - do not spread to other extremities

Causes compression of nearby neeves resulting in vision problems

51
Q

Thyroid Carcinoma

A

Cancer of the thyroid gland

Classified according to the specific tissue that is affected

The malignancy usually begins with a painless, commonly hard nodule or a nodule in the adjacent lymph nodes accompanied with an enlarged thyroid

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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