Body Structure Flashcards
Chromatin
Structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleus acids and proteins.
Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes during cell division
Chromosome
Threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that carries hereditary information encoded in genes.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides.
Diaphragm
Muscular wall that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
Alternating contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm is essential to the breathing process
Metabolism
Sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism.
Metabolism includes the building up (anabolism) and breaking down (catabolism) of body constituents.
Organelle
Cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus (reproduction), ribosomes (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (removal of material from the cell), and lysosomes (digestion).
The membranes of many organelles act as sites of chemical reactions.
Cytology
The study of the body at the cellular level.
Cytoplasm
Is a jellyfish like matrix of proteins, salts, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients.
Tissue
Group of cells that perform a specialized activity.
Histology
The study of tissues.
Epithelial tissue
Covers the surfaces of organs, lines cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides the secreting portions of glands, and makes up the epidermis of the skin.
It is composed of cells arranged in a continuos sheet consisting of one or more layers.
Connective tissue
Supports and connects other tissues and organs.
It is made up of diverse cell types, including fibroblasts, fat cells, and blood.
Muscle tissue
provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement.
Nervous tissue
Transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body.
Anatomical position
A body posture used to locate anatomical parts or divisions.
Plane
An imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections.
Types of planes include..
- Midsagittal (median) - right and left halves
- Coronal (frontal) - anterior(ventral) and posterior(dorsal) aspects
- Transverse (horizontal) - superior (upper) and inferior (lower) aspects
Body Cavities
Are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs.
2 major cavities each with two smaller cavities
- Dorsal (posterior)
1A. Cranial - brain
1B. Spinal- spinal cord - Ventral (anterior)
2A. Thoracic - heart, lungs, associated struct.
2B. Abdominal pelvic - digestive, excretory, reproductive organs & struct.
Right upper quadrant RUQ
Right lobe of the liver
The gallbladder
Part of the pancreas
Part of the small and large intestines
Left upper quadrant LUQ
Left lobe of the liver The stomach The spleen Part of the pancreas Part of the small and large intestines
Right lower quadrant RLQ
Part of the small and large intestines
The appendix
The right ovary
Right Fallopian tube
Right ureter
Left lower quadrant LLQ
Part of the small and large intestines
Left ovary
Left Fallopian tube
Left ureter
Abdominopelvic Regions
Right hypochondriac- upper right lateral region beneath the ribs
Epigastric- upper middle region
Left hypochondriac- upper left lateral region beneath the ribs
Right lumbar- middle right lateral region
Umbilical- region of the navel
Left lumbar- middle left lateral region
Right inguinal (iliac) - lower middle region
Hypogastric- lower middle region
Left inguinal (iliac)- lower left lateral region
Abduction directional term
Movement away from the midsagittal (median) plane of the body or one of its parts
Adduction directional term
Movement towards the midsagittal (median) plane of the body
Medial directional term
Pertaining to the midline of the body structure
Lateral directional term
Pertaining to a side
Superior (cephalad) directional term
Toward the head or upper portion of a structure
Inferior (caudal) directional term
Away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure
Proximal directional term
Nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body
Distal directional term
Further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body
Anterior (ventral) directional term
Front of the body
Posterior (dorsal) directional term
Back of the body
Parietal directional term
Pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity
Visceral directional term
Pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs.
Prone directional term
Lying on the abdomen, face down
Supine directional term
Lying horizontally on the back, face up
Inversión directional term
Turning inward or inside out
Eversión directional term
Turning outward
Palmar directional term
Pertaining to the pal of the hand
Plantar directional term
Pertaining to the sole of the foot
Superficial directional term
Toward the surface of the body (external)
Deep directional term
Away from the surface of the body (internal)
Signs
Objective indicators that are observable
Symptom (Sx)
A subjective indicator of disease. It is experienced only by the patient.
i.e. dizziness, pain, nausea
Etiology
The study of the cause or origin of a disease or disorder.
Diagnosis (Dx)
Establishing the cause and nature of a disease.
Prognosis
The prediction of the course of a disease and it’s possible outcome.
Idiopathic
Disease whose cause or origin is unknown
Sequelae
Some diseases, injuries. Or treatments cause complications that arise directly from disease, injury, or treatment.
