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Medical Terminology > Body Structure > Flashcards

Body Structure Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Chromatin

A

Structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleus acids and proteins.

Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes during cell division

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

Threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that carries hereditary information encoded in genes.

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3
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides.

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4
Q

Diaphragm

A

Muscular wall that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

Alternating contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm is essential to the breathing process

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5
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism.

Metabolism includes the building up (anabolism) and breaking down (catabolism) of body constituents.

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6
Q

Organelle

A

Cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus (reproduction), ribosomes (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (removal of material from the cell), and lysosomes (digestion).

The membranes of many organelles act as sites of chemical reactions.

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7
Q

Cytology

A

The study of the body at the cellular level.

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Is a jellyfish like matrix of proteins, salts, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients.

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9
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells that perform a specialized activity.

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10
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues.

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11
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers the surfaces of organs, lines cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides the secreting portions of glands, and makes up the epidermis of the skin.

It is composed of cells arranged in a continuos sheet consisting of one or more layers.

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12
Q

Connective tissue

A

Supports and connects other tissues and organs.

It is made up of diverse cell types, including fibroblasts, fat cells, and blood.

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13
Q

Muscle tissue

A

provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement.

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14
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body.

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15
Q

Anatomical position

A

A body posture used to locate anatomical parts or divisions.

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16
Q

Plane

A

An imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections.

Types of planes include..

  1. Midsagittal (median) - right and left halves
  2. Coronal (frontal) - anterior(ventral) and posterior(dorsal) aspects
  3. Transverse (horizontal) - superior (upper) and inferior (lower) aspects
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17
Q

Body Cavities

A

Are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs.

2 major cavities each with two smaller cavities

  1. Dorsal (posterior)
    1A. Cranial - brain
    1B. Spinal- spinal cord
  2. Ventral (anterior)
    2A. Thoracic - heart, lungs, associated struct.
    2B. Abdominal pelvic - digestive, excretory, reproductive organs & struct.
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18
Q

Right upper quadrant RUQ

A

Right lobe of the liver
The gallbladder
Part of the pancreas
Part of the small and large intestines

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19
Q

Left upper quadrant LUQ

A 
Left lobe of the liver
The stomach
The spleen 
Part of the pancreas
Part of the small and large intestines
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20
Q

Right lower quadrant RLQ

A

Part of the small and large intestines

The appendix
The right ovary
Right Fallopian tube
Right ureter

21
Q

Left lower quadrant LLQ

A

Part of the small and large intestines
Left ovary
Left Fallopian tube
Left ureter

22
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions

A

Right hypochondriac- upper right lateral region beneath the ribs

Epigastric- upper middle region

Left hypochondriac- upper left lateral region beneath the ribs

Right lumbar- middle right lateral region

Umbilical- region of the navel

Left lumbar- middle left lateral region

Right inguinal (iliac) - lower middle region

Hypogastric- lower middle region

Left inguinal (iliac)- lower left lateral region

23
Q

Abduction directional term

A

Movement away from the midsagittal (median) plane of the body or one of its parts

24
Q

Adduction directional term

A

Movement towards the midsagittal (median) plane of the body

25
Q

Medial directional term

A

Pertaining to the midline of the body structure

26
Q

Lateral directional term

A

Pertaining to a side

27
Q

Superior (cephalad) directional term

A

Toward the head or upper portion of a structure

28
Q

Inferior (caudal) directional term

A

Away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure

29
Q

Proximal directional term

A

Nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body

30
Q

Distal directional term

A

Further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body

31
Q

Anterior (ventral) directional term

A

Front of the body

32
Q

Posterior (dorsal) directional term

A

Back of the body

33
Q

Parietal directional term

A

Pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity

34
Q

Visceral directional term

A

Pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs.

35
Q

Prone directional term

A

Lying on the abdomen, face down

36
Q

Supine directional term

A

Lying horizontally on the back, face up

37
Q

Inversión directional term

A

Turning inward or inside out

38
Q

Eversión directional term

A

Turning outward

39
Q

Palmar directional term

A

Pertaining to the pal of the hand

40
Q

Plantar directional term

A

Pertaining to the sole of the foot

41
Q

Superficial directional term

A

Toward the surface of the body (external)

42
Q

Deep directional term

A

Away from the surface of the body (internal)

43
Q

Signs

A

Objective indicators that are observable

44
Q

Symptom (Sx)

A

A subjective indicator of disease. It is experienced only by the patient.

i.e. dizziness, pain, nausea

45
Q

Etiology

A

The study of the cause or origin of a disease or disorder.

46
Q

Diagnosis (Dx)

A

Establishing the cause and nature of a disease.

47
Q

Prognosis

A

The prediction of the course of a disease and it’s possible outcome.

48
Q

Idiopathic

A

Disease whose cause or origin is unknown

49
Q

Sequelae

A

Some diseases, injuries. Or treatments cause complications that arise directly from disease, injury, or treatment.

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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