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Medical Terminology > Diseases and Conditions > Flashcards

Diseases and Conditions Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Adhesion

A

Abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated.

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2
Q

ascites

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity.

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3
Q

edema

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue spaces

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4
Q

Febrile

A

Pertaining to a fever, also called pyretic

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5
Q

Gangrene

A

Death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction, trauma, or infection

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6
Q

Hernia

A

Protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it

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7
Q

Inflammation

A

Body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and, sometimes, loss of function

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8
Q

Mycosis

Myc: fungus
-osis: abnormal condition

A

Any fungal infection in or on the body

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9
Q

Perforation

A

Hole that completely penetrates a a structure

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10
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs

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11
Q

Rupture

A

Sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ

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12
Q

Sepsis

A

Pathological state, usually febrile, resulting from the presence of microorganisms or their products in the bloodstream

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13
Q

Suppuration

A

Producing or associated with the generation of pus.

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14
Q

Abscess

A

Localized collection of pus at the site of an infection (characteristically a staphylococcal infection)

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15
Q

Acne

A

Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin with characteristics lesions that includes blackheads (comedos), inflammatory papules, pastules, nodules, and cysts and usually associated with seborrhea; also called acne Vulgaris

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16
Q

Alopecia

A

Partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, anti cancer medication, or a skin disease;
Commonly called baldness

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17
Q

Bowen disease

A

Form of intraepidermal carcinoma (squamous cell) characterized by red-brown scaly or crusted lesions that resemble a patch of psoriasis or dermatitis; also called Bowen precancerous dermatosis

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18
Q

Cellulitis

A

Diffuse (widespread), acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

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19
Q

Chloasma

A

Pigmentary skin discoloration usually occurring in yellowish brown patches or spots

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20
Q

Comedo

A

Typical small skin lesion of acne vulgaris caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin

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21
Q

Dermatomycosis

A

Infection of the skin caused by fungi

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22
Q

Ecchymosis

A

Skin discoloration consisting of a large irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from blue-black to greenish brown or yellow; commonly called a bruise

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23
Q

Eczema

A

Chronic inflammatory skin condition that is characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pastimes, scales, crusts, and scabs and accompanied by intense itching (pruritis) ; also called atopic dermatitis

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24
Q

Erythema

A

Redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries

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25
Q

Eschar

A

Dead matter that is sloughed off from the surface of the skin, especially after a burn

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26
Q

Impetigo

A

Bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture

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27
Q

Keratosis

A

Thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin (such as a callus or wart)

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28
Q

Lentigo

A

Small brown macules, especially on the face and arma, brought on by sun exposure, usually in a middle-aged or older person

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29
Q

Pallor

A

Unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin

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30
Q

Pediculosis

A

Infestation with lice, transmitted by personal contact or common use of brushes, combs, or headgear

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31
Q

Petechia

A

Minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin

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32
Q

Pressure ulcer

A

Inflammation, sore, or skin deterioration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position that’s prevents blood flow to the tissues, usually in early bedridden persons; also known as decubitus ulcer

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33
Q

Pruritus

A

Intense itching

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34
Q

Psoriasis

A

Chronic skin disease characterized by circumscribed red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery, adherent scales and caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis

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35
Q

Púrpura

A

Any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, partially beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses or petechiae

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36
Q

Scabies

A

Contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly though sexual contact

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37
Q

Tinea

A

Fungal skin infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected; also called ringworm

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38
Q

Urticaria

A

Allergic reaction of the skin characterized by the eruption of pale red, elevated patches called wheals or hives

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39
Q

Verruca

A

Epidermal growth caused by a virus; also know as warts.

Types include plantar warts, juvenile warts, and venereal warts

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40
Q

Vitiligo

A

Localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches

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41
Q

Ankylosis

A

Stiffening and immobility of a joint as a result of disease, trauma, surgery, or abnormal bone fusion

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42
Q

Bunion (hallux valgus)

A

Deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe as it turn in toward the second toe (angulation), which may cause the tissues surrounding the joint to become swollen and tender

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43
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

A

Painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and the median nerve pass)

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44
Q

Claudication

A

Lameness, limping

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45
Q

Contracture

A

Fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint

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46
Q

Crepitation

A

Dry, grating sound or sensation cause by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction

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47
Q

Exacerbation

A

Increase in severity of a diseas or any of its symptoms; also called flare

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48
Q

Ganglion cyst

A

Fluid filled tumor that most commonly develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands, but may also appear in the feet

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49
Q

Hemarthrosis

A

Effusion is blood into a joint cavity

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50
Q

Herniated disk

A

Rupture of a vertebral disks center (nucleus pulposus) through its outer edge and back toward the spinal canal with pressure on the adjacent spinal nerve that results in pain, numbness, or weakness in one or both legs

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51
Q

Hypotonia

A

Loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching

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52
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Malignant tumor or plasma cells (cells that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in the bone marrow

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53
Q

Phantom limb

A

Perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists

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54
Q

Rickets

A

Form of osteomalacia in children cause by vitamin d deficiency; also called rachitis

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55
Q

Sequestrum

A

Fragment of necrosis bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue

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56
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

Any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from it’s normal position in relationship to the one beneath it

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57
Q

Spondylosis

A

Degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues

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58
Q

Sprain

A

Tearing of ligament tissue that May be slight, moderate, or complete

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59
Q

Strain

A

Muscular trauma caused by violent or an excessive dorcibke stretch

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60
Q

Subluxation

A

Partial or incomplete dislocation

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61
Q

Talipes equinovarus

A

Congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side; also called clubfoot

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62
Q

Acromegaly

A

Rare hormonal disorder in adulthood, usually caused by a GH-secreting pituitary (adenoma) that promotes the soft tissue and bones of the face, hands, and feet to grow larger than normal

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63
Q

Diuresis

A

Increased formation and secretion of urine

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64
Q

Glycosuria

A

Abnormal amount of glucose in the urine

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65
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by pronounced hyperthyroidism usually associated with enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) and exophthalmos (abnormal protrusion of the eyeball)

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66
Q

Hirsutism

A

Excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women

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67
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Condition in which the calcium level in the blood is higher than normal

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68
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Condition in which the potassium level in the blood is higher than normal

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69
Q

Hypervolemia

A

Abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma (liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid) in the body

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70
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Lower than normal level of sodium in the blood

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71
Q

Insulinoma

A

Tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

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72
Q

Obesity

A

Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight

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73
Q

Morbid obesity

A

Body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more pounds over ideal body weight

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74
Q

Panhypopituitarism

A

Total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity

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75
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Small chromaffin cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla, causing elevated heart rate and blood

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76
Q

Thyroid storm

A

Crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of an increased amount of thyroid hormone; also called thyroid crisis

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77
Q

Virilism

A

Masculinization or development of male secondary sex characteristics in a woman

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78
Q

Pathology

A

Damage to the brain and spinal cord

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79
Q

Radiculopathy

A

Also called radiculitis

An inflammation of the nerves root associated with the spinal column

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80
Q

Cerebrovascular disease

A

Any functional abnormality of the cerebrum caused by disorders of the blood vessels of the brain.

Commonly associated with a stroke also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

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81
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

Most common type of stroke

Caused by a narrowing of the arteries of the brain or arteries of the neck (carotid) generally due to atherosclerosis

Causes insufficient oxygen delivery to the brain tissue and within a few minutes the tissue begins to die

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82
Q

Intracerebal hemorrhage

A

Cause by the sudden rupture of an artery within the brain

After the rupture, released blood compresses the the brain structures and destroys them

Major type of stroke

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83
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Major type of stroke

Blood is released into the space surrounding the brain

Commonly caused by a ruptured aneurysm and is usually fatal

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84
Q

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

Stroke symptoms that resolve within 24 hours

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85
Q

Seizure disorders

A

Include any medical condition characterized by sudden changes in behavior or consciousness as a result of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain

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86
Q

Epilepsies

A

Chronic or recurring seizure disorders

Causes include brain injury, congenital anomalies, metabolic disorders, brain tumors, vascular disturbances, and genetic disorders.

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87
Q

Aura

A

Warning signal of an imminent seizure

Is a sensory phenomena without precipitating stimulus such as a strange taste in mouth, the sounds of a ringing bell, or an inability to react properly to usual situations.

Provide Time for preparation so that injuries are minimized

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88
Q

Partial seizures

A

Only a portion of the brain is involved

Short alteration of consciousness of about 10 to 30 seconds with reparative, unusual movements and confusion

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89
Q

Generalized seizure

A

The entire brain is involved

Most common type is tonic-clonic seizure also called grand mal seizure

Tonic-The entire body becomes rigid
Clonic-uncontrolled jerking cAused by alternate muscle contraction and relaxation

Recovery may take minutes to hours and usually leaves the patient weak

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90
Q

Status epilepticus

A

A life threatening emergency tonic-clonic seizure follow one after another without an intervening period of recovery

Involved the entire cortex and emergency medical attention is essential

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91
Q

Parkinson disease

A

Also called shaking palsy

A progressive neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain responsible for controlling movement

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92
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

A progressive, degenerative disease of the central nervous system

Characterized by inflammation, hardening, and, finally, loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain.

Myelin deterioration impedes the transmission of electrical impulses from one neuron to another

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93
Q

Alzheimer disease (AD)

A

A progressive neurological disorder that causes memory loss and serious mental deterioration

Small lesions (plaques) develop in the cerebral cortex and disrupt the passage of electrochemical signal between cells

Include memory loss and cognitive decline

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94
Q

Mental illness

A

Includes an array of psychological disorders, syndromes, and behavioral patterns that cause alterations in mood, behavior, and thinking

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95
Q

Psychosis

A

Refers to a mental disorder in which there is Severe loss of contact with reality and commonly characterized by false beliefs despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary (delusions)

Patient typically “hears voices” and “sees visions” in the absence of an actual stimulus (hallucinations)

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96
Q

Neurosis

A

A mental disorder caused by an emotion experienced in the past that overwhelmingly interferes or affects a present emotion

i.e. a child bitten by a dog may show irrational fear of animals as an adult

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97
Q

Phobias

A

Irrational fears

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98
Q

Hysterias

A

Exaggerated emotional and reflexive behaviors

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99
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorders

A

Irrational, uncontrolled performance of ritualistic actions for fear of a dire consequence

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100
Q

Agnosia

A

Inability to comprehend auditory, visual, spatial, olfactory, or other sensations, even though the sensory sphere is intact

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101
Q

Asthenia

A

Weaknes, debility, or loss of strength

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102
Q

Ataxia

A

Lack of muscle coordination in the execution of voluntary movement

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103
Q

Closed head trauma

A

Injury to the head in which the dura mater remains intact and brain tissue is not exposed

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104
Q

Coma

A

Abnormally deep unconsciousness with an absence of voluntary response to stimuli

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105
Q

Concussion

A

Injury to the brain, occasionally with transient loss of consciousness, as a result of trauma to the head

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106
Q

Convulsion

A

Any sudden and violent contraction of one or more voluntary muscles

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107
Q

Dementia

A

Broad term that refers to cognitive deficit, including memory impairment

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108
Q

Dyslexia

A

Inability to learns and process written language, despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability, and exposure

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109
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

Autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves in which myelin sheaths on the axons are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness

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110
Q

Herpes zoster

A

Acute inflammatory eruption of highly painful vesicles on the trunk of the body or, occasionally, the face

Shingles

111
Q

Huntington chorea

A

Inherited disease of the CNS characterized by quick, involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration

112
Q

Hydrocephalus

Acquired

Congenital

A

Accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causin increased intracranial pressure (ICP), thinning of brain tissue, and separation of cranial bones

Hydrocephalus that develops at birth or any time afterward as a result of injury or disease

Hydrocephalus caused by factors that occur during fetal development or as a result of genetic abnormalities

113
Q

Lethargy

A

Abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli

114
Q

Anencephaly

A

Congenital deformity in which some or all of fetal brain is missing

115
Q

Spina bífida

A

Congenital deformity of the neural tube which fails to close during fetal development; called tube defect

116
Q

Meningocele

A

Form of spina bífida in which the spinal cord develops properly but the meninges protude through the spine

117
Q

Myelomeningocele

A

Most severe form of spina bífida in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine

118
Q

Oculta

A

Form of spina bífida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin

119
Q

Palsy

Bell

Cerebral

A

Paralysis, usually partial, and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor

Facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of the seventh cranial nerve

Type of paralysis that affects movement and body position and sometimes speech and learning ability

120
Q

Paralysis

A

Loss of voluntary motion in one or. More muscle groups with or without loss of sensation

121
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis of one side of the body, typically as the result of a stroke; also called unilateral paralysis

122
Q

Paraplegia

A

Paralysis of both lower limbs, typically as a result of trauma or disease of the lower spinal cord

123
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Paralysis of both arms and legs, commonly resulting in bowel, bladder, and sexual dysfunction

124
Q

Paresthesia

A

Sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling, or heightened sensitivity

125
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis

126
Q

Reye syndrome

A

Acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the brain, liver, and possibly, the pancreas, heart, kidney, spleen, and lymph nodes

127
Q

Syncope

A

Brief loss of consciousness and posture caused by a temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain; called fainting

128
Q

Achromatopsia

A

Severe congenital deficiency in color perception; also called complete color blindness

129
Q

Chalazion

A

Small hard tumor developing on the eyelid somewhat similar to a sebaceous cyst

130
Q

Conjuntivitis

A

Inflammation of the conjuctiva with vascular congestion that produces a red or pink eye and may be secondary to allergy or viral, bacterial, or fungal infections

131
Q

Ectropion

A

Eversión, or outward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid

132
Q

Entropion

A

Inversión or inward turning of the edge of the lower eyelid

133
Q

Epiphora

A

Abnormal overflow of tears

134
Q

Hordeolum

A

Localized, circumscribed, inflammatory swelling of one of the several sebaceous glands of the eyelid

Generally caused by a bacterial infection also called stye

135
Q

Metamorphopsia

A

Visual distortion of objects

136
Q

Nyctalopia

A

Impaired vision in dim light; also called night blindness

137
Q

Nystagmus

A

Type of involuntary eye movements that appear jerky and may reduce vision or be associated with other, more serious conditions that limit vision

138
Q

Papilledema

A

Swelling and hyperemia of the optic disc, usually associated with increased intracranial pressure

Also called choked disc

139
Q

Photophobia

A

Unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light

140
Q

Presbyopia

A

Loss of accommodation of the crystalline lens associated with the aging process

141
Q

Retinopathy

Diabetic

A

Any disorder of retinal blood vessels

Disorder that occurs in patients with diabetes and manifests as small hemorrhages, edema, and formation of new vessels on the retina, leading to scarring and eventual loss of vision

142
Q

Trachoma

A

Chronic , contagious form of conjunctivitis that typically leads to blindness

143
Q

Anacusis

A

Complete deafness also called anacusia

144
Q

Conduction impairment

A

Blocking of sound waves as they pass through the external and middle ear

145
Q

Labyrinthitis

A

Inflammation of the inner ear that usually results from an acute febrile process

146
Q

Meniere disease

A

Disorder of the labyrinth that leads to progressive loss of hearing

147
Q

Noise induced hearing loss NIHL

A

Condition caused by the destruction of hair cells, the organs responsible for hearing, as a result of sounds that “too long , too loud or too close”

148
Q

Otitis externa

A

Infection of the external auditory

149
Q

Presbyacusis

A

Impairment of hearing resulting from old age

Called presbyacusia

150
Q

Tinnitus

A

Perception of ringing, hissing, or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present

151
Q

Vertigo

A

Sensation of a spinning motion either of oneself or of the surroundings

152
Q

Acidosis

A

Excessive acidity of body fluids

153
Q

Anosmia

A

Absence of the sense of smell

154
Q

Apnea

Sleep

A

Temporary loss of breathing

Sleeping disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly for more than 10 seconds, causing measurable blood deoxygenation

155
Q

Asphyxia

A

Condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen

156
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapsed or airless state of the lung which may be acute or chronic and affects all or part of a lung

157
Q

Cheyne-strokes respiration

A

Repeated breathing pattern characterized by fluctuation in the depth of respiration: first deeply then shallow, then not at all

158
Q

Coryza

A

Acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose

Also called head cold or upper respiratory infection (URI)

159
Q

Crackle

A

Abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture filled alveoli

Also called rale

160
Q

Croup

A

Con childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages and, sometimes lungs

161
Q

Deviated Nasal septum

A

Displacement of cartilage diving the nostrils that causes reduced airflow and sometimes nosebleed

162
Q

Epiglottis

A

Serve life threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between 2 and 12 years of age

163
Q

Epistaxis

A

Basal hemorrhage also called nosebleed

164
Q

Finger clubbing

A

Enlargement of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes commonly associated with pulmonary disease

165
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Oxygen deficiency in arterial blood

Usually a sign of respiratory impairment

166
Q

Hypoxia

A

Oxygen deficiency in body tissues

Usually a sign of respiratory impairment

167
Q

Pertussis

A

Acute infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a “whoop” sound

Called whooping cough

168
Q

Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing

Also called pleuritis

169
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

Disease caused by inhaling dust particles including coal dust (anthracosis), stone dust (siderosis) and asbestos particles (asbestosis)

170
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, most commonly caused by heart failure

171
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

Blockage in the artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (Such as blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, and bacteria)

172
Q

Rhoncus

A

Abnormal breath sound heard on auscultation of an obstructed airway

173
Q

Stridor

A

High pitched, harsh, adventitious breath sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway

174
Q

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

Completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than age 12 months;

Also called crib death

175
Q

Wheeze

A

Whistling or sighing sound heard on auscultation that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway

176
Q

Aneurysm

A

Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery

177
Q

Angina

A

Mild to severe suffocating pain that typically occurs in the chest and is caused by an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium

178
Q

Arrhythmia

Bradycardia

Fibrillation

Heart block

Tachycardia

A

Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart

Arrhythmia in which the heart beats abnormally slow; usually fewer than 60beats per minute in a resting adult

Arrhythmia in which there is an abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles

Arrhythmia in which there in interference with the normal transmission of electric impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers

Arrhythmia in which there is a fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats per minute

179
Q

Arteriosclerosis

Atherosclerosis

Carotid artery disease

A

Hardening and narrowing of an artery along with the loss of its elasticity

Form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the deposit of plaques containing cholesterol and lipids that narrows the lumen in the arteries

Narrowing of the carotid arteries usually caused by atherosclerosis; May eventually lead to thrombus formation and stroke

180
Q

Bruit

A

Soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, associated valvular action or with the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction or both

181
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function

182
Q

Coarctation

A

Narrowing of a vessel especially the aorta

183
Q

Embolism

A

Condition in which a mass (commonly a blood clot) becomes lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow

184
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

Excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood

185
Q

Hypertension (HTN)

A

Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg

186
Q

Hypotension

A

Low blood pressure persistently lowers than 90/60 mm Hg

187
Q

Infarction

A

Localized tissue necrosis due to the cessation of blood supply

188
Q

Ischemia

A

Local, temporary deficiency of blood supply to an organ or tissue due to circulatory obstruction

189
Q

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

A

Structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left a atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood

190
Q

Palpitation

A

Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter

191
Q

Phlebitis

A

Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly legs)

192
Q

Syncope

A

Partial or complete loss of consciousness that is usually cause by a decreased supply of blood to the brain

193
Q

Thrombosis

A

Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation

194
Q

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs

195
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DiC)

A

Abnormal activation of the proteins involved in blood coagulation causing small blood clots to form in vessels and cutting off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues

196
Q

Graft rejection

A

Process in which a recipients immune system attacks a transplanted organ

197
Q

Graft versus host disease (GVHD)

A

Complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the transplant produces antibodies against recipients organs that can be severe

198
Q

Hematoma

A

Localized accumulation of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue due to a break in or severing of a blood cell

199
Q

Hemoglobinopathy

A

Any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule

200
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

Any disease of the lymph nodes

201
Q

Lymphedema

A

Swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg due to an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels

202
Q

Multiple myeloma

A

Malignant tumor of plasma cells (cells that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in the bone marrow

203
Q

Sepsis

A

Presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood ; also called septicemia or blood poisoning

204
Q

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

A

Widespread autoimmune disease that may affect the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints and causes chronic inflammation; also called discoid lupus of symptoms are limited to the skin

205
Q

Thrombocythemia

A

Overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders due to platelet malformations

206
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets in the bone marrow or increased destruction of platelets in the blood vessels (intravascukar) , spleen (extravascular) or liver (extravascular)

207
Q

Von willebrand disease

A

Bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of von willebrand factor, a “sticky” protein that lines blood vessels and reacts with platelets to form a plug that leads to clot formation

208
Q

Anuria

A

Absence of urine production or output

209
Q

Bladder neck obstruction (BNO)

A

Blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra

210
Q

Cystocele

A

Prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between a woman’s bladder and vagina

211
Q

Dysuria

A

Painful or difficult urination, commonly described as a “burning sensation” while urinating

212
Q

End-stage renal disease (ESRD)

A

Any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival

213
Q

Enuresis

A

Involuntary discharge of urine; also called incontinence

214
Q

Fistula

A

Abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another

215
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys due to pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract

216
Q

Interstitial cystitis (IC)

A

Chronic inflammation of the bladder wall that is not caused by bacterial infection and is not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy; also called painful bladder syndrome

217
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

Loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through Uribe due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane

218
Q

Neurogenic bladder

A

Impairment of bladder control due to brain or nerve conduction

219
Q

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

A

Inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys

220
Q

Urgency

A

Sensation of the need to void immediately

221
Q

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

A

Disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually due to impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction in the ureter

222
Q

Wilma tumor

A

Rapidly developing malignant neoplasms is the kidney that usually occurs in children

223
Q

Atresia

A

Congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening such as the vagina

224
Q

Choriocarcinoma

A

Malignant neoplasms of the uterus or at the site of an ectopic pregnancy

225
Q

Dyspareunia

A

Occurrence of pain during sexual Intercourse

226
Q

Endocervicitis

A

Inflammation of the mucous lining of the cervix uteri

227
Q

Retroversion

A

Turning or state of being turned back, especially an entire organ, such as the uterus, being tipped from it’s normal position

228
Q

Uterine fibroids

A

Benign tumors composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that develop in the uterus

Also called leiomyomas , myomas, or fibroids

229
Q

Sterility

A

Inability of the female to become pregnant or the male to impregnate the female

230
Q

Abortion

A

Termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is capable of surviving outside the uterus

231
Q

Abruptio placentae

A

Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before the third stage of labor, also called placental abruption

232
Q

Breech presentation

A

Common abnormality of delivery in which the fetal buttocks or feet present first rather than the head

233
Q

Down syndrome

A

Genetic condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46 and occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy) , which causes delays in the way a child develops mentally and physically, also called trisomy 21

234
Q

Eclampsia

A

Most serious form of toxemia during pregnancy

235
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum does not reach the uterine cavity but becomes implanted on any tissue other than the lining of the uterine cavity, such as a Fallopian tube, an ovary, the abdomen, or even the cervix uteri

236
Q

Placenta previa

A

Obstetric complication in which the placenta is attached closed to or covers the cervical canal that results in bleeding during labor when the cervix dilates

237
Q

Balanitis

A

Inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis caused by bacteria fungi or a virus

238
Q

Erectile dysfunction ED

A

Repeated inability to initiate or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse

239
Q

Hypogonadism

A

Decrease or lack of hormones normally produced by the gonads

240
Q

Hypospadias

A

Congenital abnormality where the opening of the male urethra is on the undersurface day of the penis, instead of at its tip.

241
Q

Phimosis

A

Stenosis or narrowing of foreskin so that it cannot be retracted over the glans penis

242
Q

Priapism

A

Prolonged and often painful erection of the penis, which occurs without sexual stimulation

243
Q

Prostatitis

A

Acute or chronic inflammation of the prostate

244
Q

Testicular abnormalities

Anorchism

Epididymitis

Hydrocele

Orchitis

A

Any of the various disorders that affect the testes

Absence of one or both testicles; also called amor his or anorchidism

Inflammation of the epididymis

Swelling of the sac surrounding the testes that is typically harmless

Painful swelling of one or both testes, commonly associated with mumps that develop after puberty

245
Q

Testicular abnormalities Continued

Spermatocele

Testicular mass

Testicular torsion

Varicocele

A

Abnormal fluid filled sac that develops in the epididymis and may or may not contain Sperm

New tissue growth that appears on one or both testes and may be malignant or benign

Spontaneous twisting of a testicle within the scrotum, leading to a decrease in blood flow to the affected testicle

Swelling and distensión of veins of the spermatic cord, somewhat resembling varicose veins of the legs

246
Q

Sterility

A

Inability to produce offspring, in the male, inability to fertilize the ovum

247
Q

Anorexia

A

Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat

248
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection

249
Q

Ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity most commonly as a result of chronic liver disease

250
Q

Borborygmus

A

Rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine

251
Q

Cachexia

A

Physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass and is commonly associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS and cancer

252
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct

253
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Scarring and dysfunction of the liver cause by chronic liver disease

254
Q

Colic

A

Spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ, especially in the colon, accompanied by pain

255
Q

Crohn disease

A

Form of inflammatory bowel disease IBD , usually of the ileum but possibly affecting any potion of the intestinal tract

256
Q

Dysentery

A

Inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food contains chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites and results in bloody diarrhea

257
Q

Dysphagia

A

Inability or difficulty in swallowing also called aphasia

258
Q

Eructation

A

Producing gas from the stomach, usually with a characteristic sound; also called belching

259
Q

Fecalith

A

Decal concretion

260
Q

Flatus

A

Gas in the GI tract ; expelling of air from a body orifice especially the anus

261
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD

A

Back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the spinster muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus

262
Q

Halitosis

A

Foul smelling breath

263
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus

264
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome IBS

A

Symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function (typically constipation, diarrhea, or alternating constipation and diarrhea) for which no organic cause can be determined

Also called spastic colon

265
Q

Malabsorption syndrome

A

Symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients mineral or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph

266
Q

Melena

A

Passage of dark colored, tarry stools, due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices

267
Q

Obesity

Morbid obesity

A

Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight

268
Q

Obstipation

A

Severe constipation, which may be caused by an intestinal obstruction

269
Q

Oral leukoplakia

A

Formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue lips or cheek caused primarily by irritation

270
Q

Peristalsis

A

Progressive wavelike movement that occurs involuntarily in hollow tubes of the body especially the GI tract

271
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A

Stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter (circular muscle of the pylorus) at the outlet of the stomach, causing and obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine

272
Q

Regurgitation

A

Backward flowing , as in returning of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach

273
Q

Steatorrhea

A

Passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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