Diseases and Conditions Flashcards
Adhesion
Abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated.
ascites
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity.
edema
Abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue spaces
Febrile
Pertaining to a fever, also called pyretic
Gangrene
Death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction, trauma, or infection
Hernia
Protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it
Inflammation
Body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and, sometimes, loss of function
Mycosis
Myc: fungus
-osis: abnormal condition
Any fungal infection in or on the body
Perforation
Hole that completely penetrates a a structure
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs
Rupture
Sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ
Sepsis
Pathological state, usually febrile, resulting from the presence of microorganisms or their products in the bloodstream
Suppuration
Producing or associated with the generation of pus.
Abscess
Localized collection of pus at the site of an infection (characteristically a staphylococcal infection)
Acne
Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin with characteristics lesions that includes blackheads (comedos), inflammatory papules, pastules, nodules, and cysts and usually associated with seborrhea; also called acne Vulgaris
Alopecia
Partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, anti cancer medication, or a skin disease;
Commonly called baldness
Bowen disease
Form of intraepidermal carcinoma (squamous cell) characterized by red-brown scaly or crusted lesions that resemble a patch of psoriasis or dermatitis; also called Bowen precancerous dermatosis
Cellulitis
Diffuse (widespread), acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
Chloasma
Pigmentary skin discoloration usually occurring in yellowish brown patches or spots
Comedo
Typical small skin lesion of acne vulgaris caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin
Dermatomycosis
Infection of the skin caused by fungi
Ecchymosis
Skin discoloration consisting of a large irregularly formed hemorrhagic area with colors changing from blue-black to greenish brown or yellow; commonly called a bruise
Eczema
Chronic inflammatory skin condition that is characterized by erythema, papules, vesicles, pastimes, scales, crusts, and scabs and accompanied by intense itching (pruritis) ; also called atopic dermatitis
Erythema
Redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries
Eschar
Dead matter that is sloughed off from the surface of the skin, especially after a burn
Impetigo
Bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
Keratosis
Thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin (such as a callus or wart)
Lentigo
Small brown macules, especially on the face and arma, brought on by sun exposure, usually in a middle-aged or older person
Pallor
Unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin
Pediculosis
Infestation with lice, transmitted by personal contact or common use of brushes, combs, or headgear
Petechia
Minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin
Pressure ulcer
Inflammation, sore, or skin deterioration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position that’s prevents blood flow to the tissues, usually in early bedridden persons; also known as decubitus ulcer
Pruritus
Intense itching
Psoriasis
Chronic skin disease characterized by circumscribed red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery, adherent scales and caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis
Púrpura
Any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, partially beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses or petechiae
Scabies
Contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly though sexual contact
Tinea
Fungal skin infection whose name commonly indicates the body part affected; also called ringworm
Urticaria
Allergic reaction of the skin characterized by the eruption of pale red, elevated patches called wheals or hives
Verruca
Epidermal growth caused by a virus; also know as warts.
Types include plantar warts, juvenile warts, and venereal warts
Vitiligo
Localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches
Ankylosis
Stiffening and immobility of a joint as a result of disease, trauma, surgery, or abnormal bone fusion
Bunion (hallux valgus)
Deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe as it turn in toward the second toe (angulation), which may cause the tissues surrounding the joint to become swollen and tender
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
Painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and the median nerve pass)
Claudication
Lameness, limping
Contracture
Fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
Crepitation
Dry, grating sound or sensation cause by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction
Exacerbation
Increase in severity of a diseas or any of its symptoms; also called flare
Ganglion cyst
Fluid filled tumor that most commonly develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands, but may also appear in the feet
Hemarthrosis
Effusion is blood into a joint cavity
Herniated disk
Rupture of a vertebral disks center (nucleus pulposus) through its outer edge and back toward the spinal canal with pressure on the adjacent spinal nerve that results in pain, numbness, or weakness in one or both legs
Hypotonia
Loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching
Multiple myeloma
Malignant tumor or plasma cells (cells that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in the bone marrow
Phantom limb
Perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists
Rickets
Form of osteomalacia in children cause by vitamin d deficiency; also called rachitis
Sequestrum
Fragment of necrosis bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue
Spondylolisthesis
Any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from it’s normal position in relationship to the one beneath it
Spondylosis
Degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues
Sprain
Tearing of ligament tissue that May be slight, moderate, or complete
Strain
Muscular trauma caused by violent or an excessive dorcibke stretch
Subluxation
Partial or incomplete dislocation
Talipes equinovarus
Congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side; also called clubfoot
Acromegaly
Rare hormonal disorder in adulthood, usually caused by a GH-secreting pituitary (adenoma) that promotes the soft tissue and bones of the face, hands, and feet to grow larger than normal
Diuresis
Increased formation and secretion of urine
Glycosuria
Abnormal amount of glucose in the urine
Graves’ disease
Multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by pronounced hyperthyroidism usually associated with enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) and exophthalmos (abnormal protrusion of the eyeball)
Hirsutism
Excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women
Hypercalcemia
Condition in which the calcium level in the blood is higher than normal
Hyperkalemia
Condition in which the potassium level in the blood is higher than normal
Hypervolemia
Abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma (liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid) in the body
Hyponatremia
Lower than normal level of sodium in the blood
Insulinoma
Tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas
Obesity
Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight
Morbid obesity
Body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more pounds over ideal body weight
Panhypopituitarism
Total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity
Pheochromocytoma
Small chromaffin cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla, causing elevated heart rate and blood
Thyroid storm
Crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of an increased amount of thyroid hormone; also called thyroid crisis
Virilism
Masculinization or development of male secondary sex characteristics in a woman
Pathology
Damage to the brain and spinal cord
Radiculopathy
Also called radiculitis
An inflammation of the nerves root associated with the spinal column
Cerebrovascular disease
Any functional abnormality of the cerebrum caused by disorders of the blood vessels of the brain.
Commonly associated with a stroke also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Ischemic stroke
Most common type of stroke
Caused by a narrowing of the arteries of the brain or arteries of the neck (carotid) generally due to atherosclerosis
Causes insufficient oxygen delivery to the brain tissue and within a few minutes the tissue begins to die
Intracerebal hemorrhage
Cause by the sudden rupture of an artery within the brain
After the rupture, released blood compresses the the brain structures and destroys them
Major type of stroke
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Major type of stroke
Blood is released into the space surrounding the brain
Commonly caused by a ruptured aneurysm and is usually fatal
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Stroke symptoms that resolve within 24 hours
Seizure disorders
Include any medical condition characterized by sudden changes in behavior or consciousness as a result of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain
Epilepsies
Chronic or recurring seizure disorders
Causes include brain injury, congenital anomalies, metabolic disorders, brain tumors, vascular disturbances, and genetic disorders.
Aura
Warning signal of an imminent seizure
Is a sensory phenomena without precipitating stimulus such as a strange taste in mouth, the sounds of a ringing bell, or an inability to react properly to usual situations.
Provide Time for preparation so that injuries are minimized
Partial seizures
Only a portion of the brain is involved
Short alteration of consciousness of about 10 to 30 seconds with reparative, unusual movements and confusion
Generalized seizure
The entire brain is involved
Most common type is tonic-clonic seizure also called grand mal seizure
Tonic-The entire body becomes rigid
Clonic-uncontrolled jerking cAused by alternate muscle contraction and relaxation
Recovery may take minutes to hours and usually leaves the patient weak
Status epilepticus
A life threatening emergency tonic-clonic seizure follow one after another without an intervening period of recovery
Involved the entire cortex and emergency medical attention is essential
Parkinson disease
Also called shaking palsy
A progressive neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain responsible for controlling movement
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
A progressive, degenerative disease of the central nervous system
Characterized by inflammation, hardening, and, finally, loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain.
Myelin deterioration impedes the transmission of electrical impulses from one neuron to another
Alzheimer disease (AD)
A progressive neurological disorder that causes memory loss and serious mental deterioration
Small lesions (plaques) develop in the cerebral cortex and disrupt the passage of electrochemical signal between cells
Include memory loss and cognitive decline
Mental illness
Includes an array of psychological disorders, syndromes, and behavioral patterns that cause alterations in mood, behavior, and thinking
Psychosis
Refers to a mental disorder in which there is Severe loss of contact with reality and commonly characterized by false beliefs despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary (delusions)
Patient typically “hears voices” and “sees visions” in the absence of an actual stimulus (hallucinations)
Neurosis
A mental disorder caused by an emotion experienced in the past that overwhelmingly interferes or affects a present emotion
i.e. a child bitten by a dog may show irrational fear of animals as an adult
Phobias
Irrational fears
Hysterias
Exaggerated emotional and reflexive behaviors
Obsessive-compulsive disorders
Irrational, uncontrolled performance of ritualistic actions for fear of a dire consequence
Agnosia
Inability to comprehend auditory, visual, spatial, olfactory, or other sensations, even though the sensory sphere is intact
Asthenia
Weaknes, debility, or loss of strength
Ataxia
Lack of muscle coordination in the execution of voluntary movement
Closed head trauma
Injury to the head in which the dura mater remains intact and brain tissue is not exposed
Coma
Abnormally deep unconsciousness with an absence of voluntary response to stimuli
Concussion
Injury to the brain, occasionally with transient loss of consciousness, as a result of trauma to the head
Convulsion
Any sudden and violent contraction of one or more voluntary muscles
Dementia
Broad term that refers to cognitive deficit, including memory impairment
Dyslexia
Inability to learns and process written language, despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability, and exposure
Guillain-Barré syndrome
Autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves in which myelin sheaths on the axons are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness
Herpes zoster
Acute inflammatory eruption of highly painful vesicles on the trunk of the body or, occasionally, the face
Shingles
Huntington chorea
Inherited disease of the CNS characterized by quick, involuntary movements, speech disturbances, and mental deterioration
Hydrocephalus
Acquired
Congenital
Accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causin increased intracranial pressure (ICP), thinning of brain tissue, and separation of cranial bones
Hydrocephalus that develops at birth or any time afterward as a result of injury or disease
Hydrocephalus caused by factors that occur during fetal development or as a result of genetic abnormalities
Lethargy
Abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli
Anencephaly
Congenital deformity in which some or all of fetal brain is missing
Spina bífida
Congenital deformity of the neural tube which fails to close during fetal development; called tube defect
Meningocele
Form of spina bífida in which the spinal cord develops properly but the meninges protude through the spine
Myelomeningocele
Most severe form of spina bífida in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine
Oculta
Form of spina bífida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin
Palsy
Bell
Cerebral
Paralysis, usually partial, and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor
Facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of the seventh cranial nerve
Type of paralysis that affects movement and body position and sometimes speech and learning ability
Paralysis
Loss of voluntary motion in one or. More muscle groups with or without loss of sensation
Hemiplegia
Paralysis of one side of the body, typically as the result of a stroke; also called unilateral paralysis
Paraplegia
Paralysis of both lower limbs, typically as a result of trauma or disease of the lower spinal cord
Quadriplegia
Paralysis of both arms and legs, commonly resulting in bowel, bladder, and sexual dysfunction
Paresthesia
Sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling, or heightened sensitivity
Poliomyelitis
Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
Reye syndrome
Acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the brain, liver, and possibly, the pancreas, heart, kidney, spleen, and lymph nodes
Syncope
Brief loss of consciousness and posture caused by a temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain; called fainting
Achromatopsia
Severe congenital deficiency in color perception; also called complete color blindness
Chalazion
Small hard tumor developing on the eyelid somewhat similar to a sebaceous cyst
Conjuntivitis
Inflammation of the conjuctiva with vascular congestion that produces a red or pink eye and may be secondary to allergy or viral, bacterial, or fungal infections
Ectropion
Eversión, or outward turning, of the edge of the lower eyelid
Entropion
Inversión or inward turning of the edge of the lower eyelid
Epiphora
Abnormal overflow of tears
Hordeolum
Localized, circumscribed, inflammatory swelling of one of the several sebaceous glands of the eyelid
Generally caused by a bacterial infection also called stye
Metamorphopsia
Visual distortion of objects
Nyctalopia
Impaired vision in dim light; also called night blindness
Nystagmus
Type of involuntary eye movements that appear jerky and may reduce vision or be associated with other, more serious conditions that limit vision
Papilledema
Swelling and hyperemia of the optic disc, usually associated with increased intracranial pressure
Also called choked disc
Photophobia
Unusual intolerance and sensitivity to light
Presbyopia
Loss of accommodation of the crystalline lens associated with the aging process
Retinopathy
Diabetic
Any disorder of retinal blood vessels
Disorder that occurs in patients with diabetes and manifests as small hemorrhages, edema, and formation of new vessels on the retina, leading to scarring and eventual loss of vision
Trachoma
Chronic , contagious form of conjunctivitis that typically leads to blindness
Anacusis
Complete deafness also called anacusia
Conduction impairment
Blocking of sound waves as they pass through the external and middle ear
Labyrinthitis
Inflammation of the inner ear that usually results from an acute febrile process
Meniere disease
Disorder of the labyrinth that leads to progressive loss of hearing
Noise induced hearing loss NIHL
Condition caused by the destruction of hair cells, the organs responsible for hearing, as a result of sounds that “too long , too loud or too close”
Otitis externa
Infection of the external auditory
Presbyacusis
Impairment of hearing resulting from old age
Called presbyacusia
Tinnitus
Perception of ringing, hissing, or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present
Vertigo
Sensation of a spinning motion either of oneself or of the surroundings
Acidosis
Excessive acidity of body fluids
Anosmia
Absence of the sense of smell
Apnea
Sleep
Temporary loss of breathing
Sleeping disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly for more than 10 seconds, causing measurable blood deoxygenation
Asphyxia
Condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen
Atelectasis
Collapsed or airless state of the lung which may be acute or chronic and affects all or part of a lung
Cheyne-strokes respiration
Repeated breathing pattern characterized by fluctuation in the depth of respiration: first deeply then shallow, then not at all
Coryza
Acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose
Also called head cold or upper respiratory infection (URI)
Crackle
Abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture filled alveoli
Also called rale
Croup
Con childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages and, sometimes lungs
Deviated Nasal septum
Displacement of cartilage diving the nostrils that causes reduced airflow and sometimes nosebleed
Epiglottis
Serve life threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between 2 and 12 years of age
Epistaxis
Basal hemorrhage also called nosebleed
Finger clubbing
Enlargement of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes commonly associated with pulmonary disease
Hypoxemia
Oxygen deficiency in arterial blood
Usually a sign of respiratory impairment
Hypoxia
Oxygen deficiency in body tissues
Usually a sign of respiratory impairment
Pertussis
Acute infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a “whoop” sound
Called whooping cough
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing
Also called pleuritis
Pneumoconiosis
Disease caused by inhaling dust particles including coal dust (anthracosis), stone dust (siderosis) and asbestos particles (asbestosis)
Pulmonary edema
Accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, most commonly caused by heart failure
Pulmonary embolism
Blockage in the artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (Such as blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, and bacteria)
Rhoncus
Abnormal breath sound heard on auscultation of an obstructed airway
Stridor
High pitched, harsh, adventitious breath sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than age 12 months;
Also called crib death
Wheeze
Whistling or sighing sound heard on auscultation that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway
Aneurysm
Localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery
Angina
Mild to severe suffocating pain that typically occurs in the chest and is caused by an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
Arrhythmia
Bradycardia
Fibrillation
Heart block
Tachycardia
Irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart
Arrhythmia in which the heart beats abnormally slow; usually fewer than 60beats per minute in a resting adult
Arrhythmia in which there is an abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles
Arrhythmia in which there in interference with the normal transmission of electric impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers
Arrhythmia in which there is a fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats per minute
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Carotid artery disease
Hardening and narrowing of an artery along with the loss of its elasticity
Form of arteriosclerosis characterized by the deposit of plaques containing cholesterol and lipids that narrows the lumen in the arteries
Narrowing of the carotid arteries usually caused by atherosclerosis; May eventually lead to thrombus formation and stroke
Bruit
Soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, associated valvular action or with the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction or both
Cardiomyopathy
Disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function
Coarctation
Narrowing of a vessel especially the aorta
Embolism
Condition in which a mass (commonly a blood clot) becomes lodged in a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow
Hyperlipidemia
Excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood
Hypertension (HTN)
Elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg
Hypotension
Low blood pressure persistently lowers than 90/60 mm Hg
Infarction
Localized tissue necrosis due to the cessation of blood supply
Ischemia
Local, temporary deficiency of blood supply to an organ or tissue due to circulatory obstruction
Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
Structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left a atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
Palpitation
Sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly legs)
Syncope
Partial or complete loss of consciousness that is usually cause by a decreased supply of blood to the brain
Thrombosis
Abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DiC)
Abnormal activation of the proteins involved in blood coagulation causing small blood clots to form in vessels and cutting off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues
Graft rejection
Process in which a recipients immune system attacks a transplanted organ
Graft versus host disease (GVHD)
Complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the transplant produces antibodies against recipients organs that can be severe
Hematoma
Localized accumulation of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue due to a break in or severing of a blood cell
Hemoglobinopathy
Any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule
Lymphadenopathy
Any disease of the lymph nodes
Lymphedema
Swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg due to an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels
Multiple myeloma
Malignant tumor of plasma cells (cells that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in the bone marrow
Sepsis
Presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood ; also called septicemia or blood poisoning
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Widespread autoimmune disease that may affect the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints and causes chronic inflammation; also called discoid lupus of symptoms are limited to the skin
Thrombocythemia
Overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders due to platelet malformations
Thrombocytopenia
Abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets in the bone marrow or increased destruction of platelets in the blood vessels (intravascukar) , spleen (extravascular) or liver (extravascular)
Von willebrand disease
Bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of von willebrand factor, a “sticky” protein that lines blood vessels and reacts with platelets to form a plug that leads to clot formation
Anuria
Absence of urine production or output
Bladder neck obstruction (BNO)
Blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra
Cystocele
Prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between a woman’s bladder and vagina
Dysuria
Painful or difficult urination, commonly described as a “burning sensation” while urinating
End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival
Enuresis
Involuntary discharge of urine; also called incontinence
Fistula
Abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another
Hydronephrosis
Abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys due to pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract
Interstitial cystitis (IC)
Chronic inflammation of the bladder wall that is not caused by bacterial infection and is not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy; also called painful bladder syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome
Loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through Uribe due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
Neurogenic bladder
Impairment of bladder control due to brain or nerve conduction
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
Inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys
Urgency
Sensation of the need to void immediately
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
Disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually due to impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction in the ureter
Wilma tumor
Rapidly developing malignant neoplasms is the kidney that usually occurs in children
Atresia
Congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening such as the vagina
Choriocarcinoma
Malignant neoplasms of the uterus or at the site of an ectopic pregnancy
Dyspareunia
Occurrence of pain during sexual Intercourse
Endocervicitis
Inflammation of the mucous lining of the cervix uteri
Retroversion
Turning or state of being turned back, especially an entire organ, such as the uterus, being tipped from it’s normal position
Uterine fibroids
Benign tumors composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that develop in the uterus
Also called leiomyomas , myomas, or fibroids
Sterility
Inability of the female to become pregnant or the male to impregnate the female
Abortion
Termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is capable of surviving outside the uterus
Abruptio placentae
Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before the third stage of labor, also called placental abruption
Breech presentation
Common abnormality of delivery in which the fetal buttocks or feet present first rather than the head
Down syndrome
Genetic condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46 and occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy) , which causes delays in the way a child develops mentally and physically, also called trisomy 21
Eclampsia
Most serious form of toxemia during pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy
Pregnancy in which the fertilized ovum does not reach the uterine cavity but becomes implanted on any tissue other than the lining of the uterine cavity, such as a Fallopian tube, an ovary, the abdomen, or even the cervix uteri
Placenta previa
Obstetric complication in which the placenta is attached closed to or covers the cervical canal that results in bleeding during labor when the cervix dilates
Balanitis
Inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis caused by bacteria fungi or a virus
Erectile dysfunction ED
Repeated inability to initiate or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse
Hypogonadism
Decrease or lack of hormones normally produced by the gonads
Hypospadias
Congenital abnormality where the opening of the male urethra is on the undersurface day of the penis, instead of at its tip.
Phimosis
Stenosis or narrowing of foreskin so that it cannot be retracted over the glans penis
Priapism
Prolonged and often painful erection of the penis, which occurs without sexual stimulation
Prostatitis
Acute or chronic inflammation of the prostate
Testicular abnormalities
Anorchism
Epididymitis
Hydrocele
Orchitis
Any of the various disorders that affect the testes
Absence of one or both testicles; also called amor his or anorchidism
Inflammation of the epididymis
Swelling of the sac surrounding the testes that is typically harmless
Painful swelling of one or both testes, commonly associated with mumps that develop after puberty
Testicular abnormalities Continued
Spermatocele
Testicular mass
Testicular torsion
Varicocele
Abnormal fluid filled sac that develops in the epididymis and may or may not contain Sperm
New tissue growth that appears on one or both testes and may be malignant or benign
Spontaneous twisting of a testicle within the scrotum, leading to a decrease in blood flow to the affected testicle
Swelling and distensión of veins of the spermatic cord, somewhat resembling varicose veins of the legs
Sterility
Inability to produce offspring, in the male, inability to fertilize the ovum
Anorexia
Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection
Ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity most commonly as a result of chronic liver disease
Borborygmus
Rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine
Cachexia
Physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass and is commonly associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome AIDS and cancer
Cholelithiasis
Presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct
Cirrhosis
Scarring and dysfunction of the liver cause by chronic liver disease
Colic
Spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ, especially in the colon, accompanied by pain
Crohn disease
Form of inflammatory bowel disease IBD , usually of the ileum but possibly affecting any potion of the intestinal tract
Dysentery
Inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food contains chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites and results in bloody diarrhea
Dysphagia
Inability or difficulty in swallowing also called aphasia
Eructation
Producing gas from the stomach, usually with a characteristic sound; also called belching
Fecalith
Decal concretion
Flatus
Gas in the GI tract ; expelling of air from a body orifice especially the anus
Gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD
Back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the spinster muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus
Halitosis
Foul smelling breath
Hematemesis
Vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus
Irritable bowel syndrome IBS
Symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function (typically constipation, diarrhea, or alternating constipation and diarrhea) for which no organic cause can be determined
Also called spastic colon
Malabsorption syndrome
Symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients mineral or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph
Melena
Passage of dark colored, tarry stools, due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices
Obesity
Morbid obesity
Excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body’s skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight
Obstipation
Severe constipation, which may be caused by an intestinal obstruction
Oral leukoplakia
Formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue lips or cheek caused primarily by irritation
Peristalsis
Progressive wavelike movement that occurs involuntarily in hollow tubes of the body especially the GI tract
Pyloric stenosis
Stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphincter (circular muscle of the pylorus) at the outlet of the stomach, causing and obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine
Regurgitation
Backward flowing , as in returning of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach
Steatorrhea
Passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it
