Medical - Innate

Question 1

Innate

Answer 1

1. Non-Specific
2. First Line of Defence
3. Rapid Response
4. No Memory
5. Present From Birth

Question 2

Neutrophile

Answer 2

Rapid Response

Question 3

Eosinophil

Answer 3

Kills Parasites

Question 4

Basophil

Answer 4

Inflammation

Question 5

Macrophage

Answer 5

Longer Lasting

Question 6

Effective

Answer 6

Regular contact with potential pathogens which are destroyed within minutes or hours, only rarely causing disease.

Question 7

Entry Barriers

Answer 7

1. Commensal Microbiome
2. Physical Barriers
3. Chemical Barriers

Question 8

Commensal Microbiome

Answer 8

Vagina

Question 9

Physical Barrier

Answer 9

Skin

Question 10

Chemical Barriers

Answer 10

1. Stomach Acid
2. Saliva
3. Tear Drops

Question 11

Humoral immune mechanisms

Answer 11

Immunity is mediated by macromolecules found in the extracellular fluid, circulating in plasma, mucosal secretions and cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 12

Interferons

Answer 12

Signalling proteins induced in response to stimuli

Question 13

Opsonins

Answer 13

Molecules that bind foreign substrates make them more susceptible to phagocytosis.

Question 14

Acute Phase Proteins examples

Answer 14

1. Coagulation proteins
2. Protease Inhibitors
3. C-reactive protein (CRP)

Question 15

Acute Phase Proteins

Answer 15

1. Plasma proteins produced in response to any injury, inflammation or infection.
2. Macrophage activation by bacteria a cytokine releases a liver stimulation then acute phase protein production.

Question 16

Complement

Answer 16

1. Facilitates foreign cell lysis or phagocytosis
2. Over 30 plasma proteins - produced by the liver
3. Highly regulated and coordinated system. (primary defence system).
4. Works in conjunction with antibodies. (adaptive Immunity).

Question 17

Three Pathways (complement)

Answer 17

1. Classical (antigen attached to microbe).
2. Alternative (Microbial cell surface)
3. Lectin (Recognise mannose on cell surface).

Question 18

Classical Pathway Steps

Answer 18

1. C1 is activated upon binding to the Ag-Ab complex.
2. Activated C1 cleaves C2 (C2a) and C4 (C4b)
3. C2a and C4b then bind to form C3 convertase (C4b2a)
4. C3 is then cleaved into C3a and C3b
5. C3b binds to C3 convertase and forms C5 convertase
6. Sequential addition of C6,7,8,9 then forms MAC.

Question 19

Innate Defense Functions

Answer 19

1. Trigger Inflammation
2. Attract phagocytosis
3. Opsonize antigens
4. Cause cell Lysis
5. Activate naiive B-lymphocytes
6. Remove immune complexes

Question 20

Cell Components in the blood which mediate immunity

Answer 20

1. Phagocytes
2. Natural Killer Cells (NKC)

Question 21

Phagocytic cells

Answer 21

1. Monocytes
2. Macrophages

Question 22

Monocytes

Answer 22

Mononuclear phagocytic leukocytes, After circulating for ~8 hours, mature into macrophages when they reach tissue.

Question 23

Macrophages

Answer 23

Larger than Mono, resides in specific tissues, highly phagocytic.

Question 24

Macrophages Surface receptors

Answer 24

1. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
2. Bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Question 25

Natural Killer Cells

Answer 25

1. Main Function - Killing infected cells.
2. Bind ligands on cell surface - MHC molecules.
3. Release cytoplasmic granules - Perforin & Granzyme
4. Induces apoptosis - viral infected and tumor cells