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MSK! MSK! MSK! > Medical Imaging > Flashcards

Medical Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

More dense structures appear _____________ on the xray

A

Lighter

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2
Q

What is preferred for the view of the heart

A

Posteroanterior, AP shows an enlarged view of the heart but can be used when the patient cannot stand

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3
Q

Describe fluoroscopy

A

Heart caths with Dr. Vijit

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4
Q

What allows you to isolate the arteries in imaging

A

Digital subtraction

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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of CT? What are the advantages?

A

D

  • lots of ionizing rad
  • renal function must be questioned for contrast
  • some are allergic to iodine

A

  • quick
  • generates lots of data usable later
  • can be manipulated after the scan
  • motion not as much an issue
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6
Q

What is the scale used to measure CT density?

A

Hounsfield

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7
Q

What is the density of: water, air, compact bone, and soft tissues

A

0, -1000, +3095, -100 to +100

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8
Q

What do numbers below the window look like? Above?

A

Black

White

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9
Q

What are the advantages of MRI? Disadvantages?

A

A

  • no ionizing rad
  • better soft tissue contrast
  • extremely versatile

D

  • longer than CT
  • loud
  • claustrophobic
  • images cannot be altered
  • no metal in body
  • more expensive
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10
Q

What appears dark on T1 weighted MRI

A

Tumor
Inflammation
Infection
Hemorrhage (hyperacute or chronic)

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11
Q

What appears dark on T2 weighted MRI?

A

Calcification
Fibrous tissue
Protein rich fluid

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12
Q

What is a narrow window good for looking at

A

Soft tissues

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13
Q

What is a wide window good for looking at

A

Bone

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14
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A
  • Structural framework of the body
  • Protection
  • Supports and interconnects other tissues
  • energy storage
  • transport things
  • defense
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15
Q

What do fibroblasts produce?

A

Collagens, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

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16
Q

What do mesenchymal cells do?

A

They are connective tissue stem cells

17
Q

What do adipocytes do?

A

Store and release fat

18
Q

What do chondrocytes do?

A

They produce and maintain cartilage

19
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Produce bone components

20
Q

What are hematopoietic stem cells responsible for?

A

Produce red blood cels and immune cells

21
Q

What is the most common form of collagen?

A

Type 1

22
Q

What are the fibrous components of the ECM?

A

Collagen, elastin, reticular fibers

23
Q

What are reticular fibers primarily made up of?

A

Type 3 collagen

24
Q

What are the two main type 1 collagen fiber defects?

A

Scurvy- vitamin C deficiency which is a cofactor for cross-linkage

Ehlers-Danlos - abnormal collagen synthesis leading to weak collagen fibers

25
Q

What is the main defect in marfans

A

Mutation in fibrillin-1

26
Q

What are long limbs called?

A

Arachnodactylyl

27
Q

What are the properties of embryonic connective tissue?

A

Rich in ECM, rich in mesenchymal cells, not many collagen or reticular fibers, in umbilical cord referred to as Warton’s jelly

28
Q

What do adult mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into?

A

Fibroblasts, muscle (both sm and skel), osteoblasts, chrondroblasts, adipocytes

29
Q

What are the 3 types of loose connective tissue

A

Areolar, adipose, reticular

30
Q

What is areolar connective tissue

A

Low density tissues with both fixed and wandering cells

it is found around blood vessels, muscles, and nerves

Functions to support and bind other tissues, holds body fluids, and defends against infection

31
Q

How is adipose tissue characterized?

A

It is a loose connective tissue characterized by sparse ECM and abundant adipocytes

32
Q

What do reticular fibers function in?

A

Forms an open framework to hold free cells

Found in liver, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen

33
Q

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

A

Dense, irregular; dense, regular; elastic connective

34
Q

What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Protect internal organs, functions in dermis of skin, fascia, perichondrium, and periosteum

35
Q

What are the principle cell type of dense, irregular?

A

Fibroblasts

36
Q

What is the purpose of dense, regular CT?

A

Resists pulling

They are arranged in parallel bands

Found in tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, dense fascia, and joint capsules

37
Q

What does dense irregular appear as when not under load?

A

Wavy

38
Q

Where is elastic CT found?

A

Around blood vessel walls, bronchiole tubes, special ligaments

MSK! MSK! MSK! (15 decks)

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