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MSK! MSK! MSK! > Fert/Gast > Flashcards

Fert/Gast Flashcards

1
Q

haploid cells can undergo __________ which is the fusion of nuclei of two sex cells

A

karyogamy

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2
Q

oocyte is ______ which the sperm is ________

A

immotile, highly motile

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3
Q

what is the sex chromosome constitution of gametes

A

sperm (23X or 23Y) and oocytes (23X)

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4
Q

At what point do primary oocytes stop being dormant and form mature, _______ oocytes

A

puberty, secondary

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5
Q

where does the secondary oocyte stop meiotic division

A

begins 2nd meiotic division but stops at metaphase II

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6
Q

how many oocytes do you have at birth? what kind are they?

A

2M, primary

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7
Q

How many oocytes remain at adolcescence

A

40k

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8
Q

About how many secondary oocytes form

A

about 400 form and are ovulated

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9
Q

the antral follicle is surrounded by what

A

granulosa cells

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10
Q

what are granulosa cells responsible for?

A

folliculogenesis

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11
Q

What anchors the primary oocyte to the wall of the follicle

A

cumulus oophorous

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12
Q

what line the wall of the follicle

A

mural granulosa cells

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13
Q

what are firmly anchored to the zona pellucida as well as being the closest layer to the oocyte

A

corona radiata

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14
Q

what is the thick layer of glycoproteins deep to the corona radiata

A

zona pellucida

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15
Q

what are the parts of the mature sperm

A

head (forms most of the bulk of the sperm and contains the nucleus)
neck (junction of head and tail)
tail (provides motility to the fertilization site)

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16
Q

what is the head of the sperm covered by

A

acrosome

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17
Q

what does the acrosome contain

A

enzymes that facilitate the dispersion of follicular cells of the corona radiata and penetration of the zona pellucida

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18
Q

are you born with all the oocytes you will have

A

yes

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19
Q

what causes the changes from primary oocyte to secondary

A

the stage of meiosis

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20
Q

what is the purpose of the follicle around the oocyte

A

protect and support the oocyte

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21
Q

what is the space that follicular fluid collects in the oocyte

A

antrum

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22
Q

how many polar bodies are produced? what are they

A

2, they are blebbing of the cytoplasm from the oocyte undergoing meiosis

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23
Q

what is the fate of the polar bodies

A

if the oocyte is fertilized the cytoplasm is resorbed

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24
Q

what are the steps of fertilization

A
  1. find egg
  2. attach to egg
  3. burrow through outer layer of oocyte
  4. fertilization occurs
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25
Q

what process does sperm have to undergo to bond to egg

A

capacitation

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26
Q

what causes the capacitation process

A

the environment of the vagina (acidic environment)

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27
Q

what does capacitation allow

A

the sperm to fuse with oocyte

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28
Q

what does izumo do

A

help recognize the egg and promote binding

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29
Q

where are izumo and juno/cd9 found

A

izumo on sperm; juno on egg

30
Q

what is multiple sperm in the egg called

A

polyspermy

31
Q

what ion is involved in the cortical reaction

A

Ca

32
Q

what is the cortical reaction

A

the events following sperm and egg fusing that disallows other sperm from attaching and entering the cytoplasm

33
Q

what stimulates oocyte to complete meiosis 2

A

fertilization

34
Q

at what point is a zygote formed

A

when the male and female pronuclei allign at the metaphase plate

35
Q

when zygote forms what becomes active

A

the zygotic genome

36
Q

mosaicism is a result of

A

nondisjunction (where chromosome fails to separate)

37
Q

repeated division of the zygote produces

A

blastomeres

38
Q

when does cleavage begin

A

30 hours after fert

39
Q

at 9 cell stage what happens

A

compaction (the zygote is the same size but contains more cells)

40
Q

at 12-32 cells what is the human called

A

morula

41
Q

at what point is the morula a blastocyst

A

when the blastocyst cavity appears

42
Q

within the blastocyst there are 2 types of cells what are they

A

the embryoblast which makes up the clump of cell; trophoblast layer that makes up the perimeter

43
Q

after how many days does the zona pellucida degenerate

A

2, this allow the hatching of the blastocyst

44
Q

embryoblast cells are more/less totipotent than the trophoblast cells

A

more

45
Q

what is the timeline of the first 5 days after fertilization

A 
day 0 pronuclear
day 1 2-cell
day 2 4-cell
day 3 8-cell
day 4 morula 
day 5 blastocyst hatching
46
Q

artificial methods of pregnancy

A

freeze eggs in N2, inject sperm into oocyte, assisted ivf (placement of sperm and egg in uterine tubes)

47
Q

what helps prevent spontaneous abortion

A

progesterone

48
Q

what is the common causes of spontaneous abortions

A

inadequate production of progesterone and estrogen; chromosomal abnormalities

49
Q

what is the common location of the ectopic pregnancy

A

in the oviduct mainly in the ampullary region

50
Q

what does ectopic pregnancy present like

A

appendicitis

51
Q

placental previa

A

where the placenta attaches too close to the cervix

52
Q

what two populations do the trophoblasts differentiate into

A
  1. syncytiotrophoblasts
    - responsible for adhesion to endometrium
    - release enzymes that break down endometrial wall and allow burrowing (decidualization)
  2. cytotrophoblasts
    - cells that surround the embryoblast inside the embryo
53
Q

embryoblast splits into what two layers

A

hypoblast (primitive endoderm) - surrounds the epiblast inside the cell
epiblast - layer of cells deep to the hypoblast and gives rise to the embryo

54
Q

what are the extraembryonic membranes?

A
  1. amnion - thin layer of cells that enclose the epiblast and holds amniotic fluid
  2. yolk sac - serves as site for early blood cell and vessel formation
  3. chorion-gives rise to the embryonic portion of the placenta
  4. allantois-where waste collects initial collection of germ cells as well
55
Q

when does the amnion (amniotic cavity) form

A

beginning of second week

56
Q

development of the yolk sac occurs when and forms what

A

day 8, primary yolk sac

57
Q

what is heuser’s membrane

A

the cells that line the yolk sac

58
Q

what fills the remainder of the space in the yolk sac

A

extraembryonic mesoderm (it arises from the hypoblast and primary yolk sac)

59
Q

when does the primary yolk sac degrade

A

day 12; the secondary yolk sac forms

60
Q

what new space forms by splitting the extraembryonic mesoderm into 2 layers

A

chorionic cavity

61
Q

what is the chorion

A

separates the embryo with its attached amnion and yolk sac from the outer wall of the blastocyst

62
Q

Amnion, definitive yolk sac, & chorion all become 2-layered

A
  • Amnion/chorion = extraembryonic ectoderm & mesoderm
  • Yolk sac = extraembryonic endoderm & mesoderm
  • Chorion = extraembryonic mesoderm
63
Q

day 13 the disc is suspended in the chorionic cavity by the

A

connecting stalk

64
Q

what is the hydatidiform mole

A

abnormal blastocyst with continued trophoblast development

high levels of hcg, may produce choriocarcinoma

65
Q

gastrulation

A
  • process by which cells from the epiblast migrate to form the primary germ layers
  • begins week 3 with the formation of the primitive streak
  • once this has happened we have the trilaminar embryonic disc
66
Q

epiblast gives rise to what layers

A

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

67
Q

where does the primitive streak move

A

caudal to cranial but doesn’t move all the way so cells need to move through the streak and migrate between the layers

68
Q

teratomas

A

tumors from primordial germ cells which cause weird cell types to form where they wouldn’t normally

69
Q

where does the notochordal process form

A

along the primitive pit; formation begins with cranial extension from the primitive node, forms a hollow tube called the notochordal process, grows cranially between ecto and endoderm before reaching the prechordal plate, by day 20 the notochordal process is complete

70
Q

where is the notochord from

A

mesoderm

71
Q

what does the notochord do

A

• Primary inductor in the early embryo: signaling required for
development of axial musculoskeleton & CNS
• Contributes to the nucleus pulposus in infants & children

MSK! MSK! MSK! (15 decks)

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