Lower limb Flashcards
What are the borders of the femoral triangle?
Triangle base = inguinal ligament Lateral side = sartorius Medial side = adductor longus Floor = iliopsoas Contents = femoral artery and branches, femoral vein and tributaries, femoral nerve, lymphatics, and femoral sheath
Rectus femoris
C - anterior of thigh F - Extend leg via patellar tendon and flex thigh I - femoral nerve S - femoral a. and femoral v. N - crosses 2 joints (hip and knee)
Vastus lateralis
C - anterior of thigh F - extend leg via patellar tendon I - femoral n. S - femoral a. and femoral v. N - most lateral quad muscle
Vastus intermedius
C - anterior thigh F - extend leg via patellar tendon I - femoral n. S - femoral a. v. N - deep to rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
C - anterior thigh F - extend leg via patellar tendon I - femoral n. S - femoral a. v. N - most medial quad
Sartorius
C - anterior thigh F - flex thigh, aBduct the hip, laterally rotate hip I - femoral n. S - femoral a. v. N - crosses hip and knee
What are the compartments of the femoral sheath? What do they contain?
Lateral - femoral artery
Middle - femoral vein
Medial or femoral canal - lymph nodes and lymphatics
Notes - the femoral nerve is NOT in the sheath but runs parallel and lateral to the sheath; the superior opening of the canal is the femoral ring which can be involved in a femoral hernia which is more likely in women
What are the branches of the femoral a. and v.? What do they supply?
Femoral a. is a continuation of the external iliac a. It becomes the femoral when it crosses the inquinal ligament
- External pudendal - supplies penis, scrotum, the vulva and lower vagina, plus the lower half of the anal canal
- Superficial circumflex iliac - supplies lateral thigh
- Superficial epigastric - supplies the anterior abdominal wall inferior to the umbilicus
- Profunda femoris - has 2 circumflex branches (lateral and medial) which supply the hip joint and gluteal region, and four perforating arteries which supply the posterior and medial thigh
Gracilis
C - medial thigh
F - aDduct the thigh AND flex leg
I - obturator n.
S - obturator and profunda femoris a. v.
N - crosses hip and knee and is the most medial muscle
Adductor magnus
C - medial thigh
F - aDduct the hip and laterally rotate hip
I - hamstring portion = tibial n.; medial portion = obturator n.
S - obturator and profunda femoris a. v.
N - forms the adductor hiatus which turns femoral vessels into popliteal vessels
Adductor longus
C - medial thigh F - aDduct hip and laterally rotate hip I - obturator n. S - obturator and profunda femoris a. v. N - lateral to the gracilis
Adductor brevis
C - medial thigh
F - aDduct the hip and laterally rotate hip
I - obturator n.
S - obturator and profunda femoris a. v.
N - lateral to adductor longus
Obturator externus
C - medial thigh F - lateral rotator of thigh, hold head of femur in acetabulum I - obturator nerve S - obturator and profunda femoris N - holds femur head in acetabulum
Gluteus maximus
C - gluteal
F - extend thigh
I - inferior gluteal nerve
S - inferior and superior gluteal a. and first perforating branch of profunda femoris a.
Gluteus medius
C - gluteal F - thigh aBduction and medial rotation I - superior gluteal nerve S - superior gluteal a. N -
Gluteus minimus
C - gluteal F - thigh aBduction and medial rotation I - superior gluteal n. S - superior gluteal a. N - most deep glute
Pectineus
C - medial thigh F - aDduct thigh and laterally rotate I - femoral nerve S - obturator and profunda femoris a. N - only medial compartment to be innervated by femoral nerve
Tensor fascia latae
C - gluteal region
F - flex and abduct thigh; assists in medial rotation of thigh and extension of leg
I - superior gluteal nerve
S - superior gluteal artery
Pirformis
C - gluteal F - lateral rotators of the thigh I - nerve to pirformis S - inferior gluteal N - comes out on greater trochanter
Obturator internus
C - gluteal F - lateral rotation of the thigh I - nerve to obturator internus S - inferior gluteal a. N - sandwiched between the gemelli
Superior gemellus
C - gluteal F - lateral rotation of thigh I - nerve to obturator internus S - inferior gluteal a. N - part of the gemellus/OI sandwich
Inferior gemellus
C - gluteal F - lateral rotation of thigh I - nerve to quadratus femoris S - inferior gluteal artery N - part of GOI sandwich
Quadratus femoris
C - gluteal F - lateral rotator of thigh I - nerve to quadratus femoris S - inferior gluteal a. N - most inferior structure in gluteal region that is on the femur
Tibialis anterior
C - anterior leg F - dorsiflex and invert the foot I - deep peroneal (branch of common peroneal) S - anterior tibial artery N - attaches to interosseus membrane
Extensor digitorum longus
C - anterior leg
F - extend toes, dorsiflex, and evert the foot
I - deep peroneal (branch of common peroneal nerve)
S - anterior tibial
N - attaches at interosseous membrane
Peroneus tertius
C - anterior leg F - dorsiflex and evert the foot I - deep peroneal nerve (branch of common peroneal nerve) S - anterior tibial artery N - originates in interosseus membrane
Extensor hallucis longus
C - anterior leg F - extend big toe and dorsiflex foot I - deep peroneal nerve (branch of common peroneal nerve) S - anterior tibial artery N -
Peroneus longus
C - lateral leg
F - plantarflex and evert the foot
I - superficial peroneal nerve (branch of common peroneal nerve)
S - fibular circumflex arteries (branches of peroneal artery)
N - supports arch of the foot
Peroneus brevis
C - lateral compartment
F - evert and plantar flex the foot
I - superficial peroneal nerve (branch of common peroneal nerve)
S - fibular circumflex arteries (branch of peroneal artery)
N -
Gastrocnemius
C - posterior leg
F - flex leg and plantar flex foot
I - tibial nerve
S - posterior tibial artery and peroneal artery
N - has lateral and medial heads; attaches to calcaneal tendon
Soleus
C - posterior leg F - plantar flex foot I - tibial nerve S - posterior tibial artery and peroneal artery N - connects to calcaneal tendon
Plantaris
C - posterior leg
F - none
I - tibial nerve
S - posterior tibial artery and peroneal artery
N - connects to calcaneal tendon; its tendon is called freshman nerve
Popliteus
C - posterior leg
F - flex leg and rotate tibia medially
I - tibial nerve
S - posterior tibial artery and peroneal artery
N - acts to unlock the knee joint with the slight rotation
Flexor hallucis longus
C - posterior leg F - flex the big toe I - tibial nerve S - posterior tibial artery and peroneal artery N -
Flexor digitorum longus
C - anterior leg F - flex toes 2-5 I - tibial nerve S - posterior tibial artery and peroneal artery N -
Tibialis posterior
C - anterior leg
F - invert foot and assist in plantar flexion
I - tibial nerve
N -
Semitendinosus
C - posterior thigh F - extend thigh and flex leg I - tibial division of sciatic nerve S - profunda femoris N - connected to biceps femoris superiorly
Biceps femoris
C - posterior thigh
F - extend thigh and flex leg
I - long (tibial division of sciatic nerve) short (peroneal division of sciatic nerve)
S - inferior gluteal artery and profunda femoris
N - 2 heads
Semimembrinosus
C - posterior thigh F - extend thigh and flex leg I - tibial division of the sciatic nerve S - profunda femoris and inferior gluteal N -
What are the outlines of the popliteal fossa?
Superolaterally – biceps femoris.
Superomedially – semimembranosus, lateral to which is the semitendinosus.
Inferolaterally and inferomedially - lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius.
Posteriorly – by skin and popliteal fascia (forms the roof of the popliteal fossa).
Contents of the popliteal fossa
Termination of the small saphenous vein.
Popliteal artery and vein plus their branches and tributaries.
Tibial and common peroneal (fibular) nerves.
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh.
Popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels.
Abductor hallucis
C - 1st layer of foot F - abducts and flexes the big toe I - medial plantar nerve S - medial plantar a. N -
Flexor digitorum brevis
C - 1st layer of foot F - flexes lateral 4 digits I - medial plantar n S - medial plantar arteries? N -
Abductor digiti minimi
C - 1st layer of foot F - abducts and flexes little toe I - lateral plantar nerve S - lateral plantar a N -
Quadratus plantae
C - 2nd layer of foot F - evens out plane of motion for flexor digitorum longus I - lateral plantar n. S - lateral plantar a. N -
Lumbircals
C - 2nd layer of foot
F - flex proximal phalanges and extend middle and distal phalanges of toes
I - medial one (medial plantar n.) lateral 3 (plantar nerve)
S - medial and lateral plantar a
N - in between flexor digitorum longus tendons
Flexor hallucis brevis
C - 3rd layer of foot F - flexes proximal phalanx of 1st digit I - medial plantar nerve S - medial plantar a N -
Adductor hallucis
C - 3rd layer of foot F - adduct the big toe; assists in transverse arch I - deep branch of lateral plantar nerve S - deep branch of lateral plantar nerve N - has a transverse and oblique head
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
C - 3rd later of foot F - flexes promixal phalanx of pinky toe I - superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve S - lateral plantar a N -
PADs (plantar interossei)
C - 4th layer of foot F - adduct digits 3-5 I - lateral plantar nerve S - lateral plantar a N - medial sides of phalanges 3-5
DAB (dorsal interossei)
C - 4th layer of foot F - abduct 2-4 I - lateral plantar nerve S - lateral plantar a N - medial and lateral side of 2nd digit, lateral sides of 3-4
Extensor digitorum brevis
C - dorsum of foot F - aids extensor digitorum longus in extending toes I - deep fibular nerve S - dorsalis pedis a N -
Extensor hallucis brevis
C - dorsum of foot F - aids extensor hallucis longus I - deep fibular S - dorsalis pedis a. N -
What 3 muscles meet at the pes anserinus on the knee
gracilis, sartorious, semitendinosus
