Medical Embalmers and the Rise of the English Undertaker Flashcards
Embalming, for almost 1500 years, was rarely practiced except for what?
Intramural interment of religious leaders, war heroes, and the nobility
Why was there a considerable retreat in the study of medicine, surgery, and anatomy?
The Roman Catholic Church resisted any advancement
During the Moslem domination, the Koran dictated that life, illness, and death were in the hands of Allah
The rebirth of science occurred in what period?
The Renaissance, the age of enlightenment
To make cadavers with minimal amount of mutilation, three systems evolved, they were
Evisceration and immersion
Desiccation
Arterial Injection
During the early middle ages, what are some of the compounds and chemicals used for preservation?
Oil of terpentine Camphor Spirits Oil of Lavender Oil of Rosemary Vermillion Vinegar Salt Peter
During the late middle ages, what are some of the compounds and chemicals used?
Zinc Arsenic Aluminum Chloride Bichloride of Mercury Alcohol Alum Zinc Sulfate
Was believed to have developed a system of arterial injection
Leonardo da Vinci
Dissected at least 50 bodies and made at least 750 anatomical plates for study
Leonardo da Vinci
Father of Embalming
Dr. Frederick Ruysch
Discovered a successful system of Arterial Injection which he combined with evisceration
Dr. Frederick Ruysch
Father of Histology
Marcello Marphigi
Was the first to note the physiology of the capillary bed in 1660
Marcello Marphigi
Florentine physician who injected remains with silicate of potash and vatted the body in a weak acid solution
Girolamo Segato
The end result of this person’s projects were a stone like statue
Girolamo Segato
The greatest of the historical physiologist
Dr. William Harvey
Discovered blood circulation by injecting colored solutions into the arteries
Dr. William Harvey
Revealed in a publication the art of arterial embalming without evisceration
Dr. Gabriel Clauderus
In his book, he described a surgical method to inject major arteries
Dr. Gabriel Clauderus
In his book, he described chemicals which he called Balsamic Spirits
Dr. Gabriel Clauderus
In his book, he described Cavity Treatment
Dr. Gabriel Clauderus
In his book, he described desiccating the body in an oven or in the hot sun, resulting in an excellent cadaver for medical study
dr. Gabriel Clauderus
Father of Microbiology
Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek
Published an injection technique called the Hunterian Method of Preservation
Dr. William and John Hunter
Used the Femoral artery for injection and femoral vein for drainage, called the Hunter’s Canal
Dr. William Hunter
Formed burial societies, making himself president
Jean Nicholas Gannal
First medical anatomist to combine embalming with funeralization for a profit
Jean Nicholas Gannal
Author of History of Embalming
Jean Nicholas Gannal
Author of Treatise on the art of embalming
Thomas Greenhill
Defended the charter of the Barber Surgeon’s monopoly
Thomas Greenhill
The incorrect belief that bodily toxins, diseases, etc. could simply be removed by opening veins and draining
Blood Letting
Blood Letting originated where?
Medieval Monastery
Who monopolized embalming through the Guild System?
The Barber Surgeon Guild
Who challenged the monopoly of the Barber Surgeon guild?
Michael Makeland
Prior to 1600
There was no secular undertaking
Funeralization was church controlled
Embalming rarely done
After 1600
Role of the undertaker was defined
Heralds chartered as supervisors of funerals
The role of the undertaker was defined as
one who prepares the dead for burial and supplies funeral paraphernalia
The peak if heraldy and pomp was during this period
the later Feudal period
What marked the beginning of the Christian’s true life in heaven
The funeral
One who performs funeral tasks
Undertaker
Coffined burial for the poor seems to occur by when
the middle of the 18th century
This allowed the British Medical Schools to use unclaimed bodies for cadavers, many of which were arterially embalmed
Warburton Act of 1832
Why did the church lose control of the funeralization process?
The spread of contagious disease overwhelmed the church’s capability to handle it
Extramural interment
Sanitation movement
Rise of the secular undertaker
People wanted elaborate funerals, which were not being preached by the church
Who was commissioned to investigate the conditions under which the Urban English worker lived, worked, and died?
Edwin Chadwick
What did Chadwick find?
Child murder for insurance collection Poor quality of embalming Graves were too shallow Competition was fierce Price fixing Church of England incompetent in record keeping Undertakers had to be regulated
This writer exposed the horrors of 19th century England relating to abusive practices, particularly against children
Charles Dickens
This writer described British funeral practices, insurance fraud, and Burial Societies
Charles Dickens
By 1900, the church and British Public Health Authorities had to rely upon whom
The British Tradesman Undertaker
