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Principles > Medical Embalmers and the Rise of the English Undertaker > Flashcards

Medical Embalmers and the Rise of the English Undertaker Flashcards

1
Q

Embalming, for almost 1500 years, was rarely practiced except for what?

A

Intramural interment of religious leaders, war heroes, and the nobility

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2
Q

Why was there a considerable retreat in the study of medicine, surgery, and anatomy?

A

The Roman Catholic Church resisted any advancement

During the Moslem domination, the Koran dictated that life, illness, and death were in the hands of Allah

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3
Q

The rebirth of science occurred in what period?

A

The Renaissance, the age of enlightenment

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4
Q

To make cadavers with minimal amount of mutilation, three systems evolved, they were

A

Evisceration and immersion
Desiccation
Arterial Injection

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5
Q

During the early middle ages, what are some of the compounds and chemicals used for preservation?

A 
Oil of terpentine
Camphor Spirits
Oil of Lavender
Oil of Rosemary
Vermillion
Vinegar
Salt Peter
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6
Q

During the late middle ages, what are some of the compounds and chemicals used?

A 
Zinc
Arsenic
Aluminum Chloride
Bichloride of Mercury
Alcohol
Alum
Zinc Sulfate
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7
Q

Was believed to have developed a system of arterial injection

A

Leonardo da Vinci

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8
Q

Dissected at least 50 bodies and made at least 750 anatomical plates for study

A

Leonardo da Vinci

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9
Q

Father of Embalming

A

Dr. Frederick Ruysch

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10
Q

Discovered a successful system of Arterial Injection which he combined with evisceration

A

Dr. Frederick Ruysch

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11
Q

Father of Histology

A

Marcello Marphigi

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12
Q

Was the first to note the physiology of the capillary bed in 1660

A

Marcello Marphigi

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13
Q

Florentine physician who injected remains with silicate of potash and vatted the body in a weak acid solution

A

Girolamo Segato

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14
Q

The end result of this person’s projects were a stone like statue

A

Girolamo Segato

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15
Q

The greatest of the historical physiologist

A

Dr. William Harvey

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16
Q

Discovered blood circulation by injecting colored solutions into the arteries

A

Dr. William Harvey

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17
Q

Revealed in a publication the art of arterial embalming without evisceration

A

Dr. Gabriel Clauderus

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18
Q

In his book, he described a surgical method to inject major arteries

A

Dr. Gabriel Clauderus

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19
Q

In his book, he described chemicals which he called Balsamic Spirits

A

Dr. Gabriel Clauderus

20
Q

In his book, he described Cavity Treatment

A

Dr. Gabriel Clauderus

21
Q

In his book, he described desiccating the body in an oven or in the hot sun, resulting in an excellent cadaver for medical study

A

dr. Gabriel Clauderus

22
Q

Father of Microbiology

A

Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek

23
Q

Published an injection technique called the Hunterian Method of Preservation

A

Dr. William and John Hunter

24
Q

Used the Femoral artery for injection and femoral vein for drainage, called the Hunter’s Canal

A

Dr. William Hunter

25
Q

Formed burial societies, making himself president

A

Jean Nicholas Gannal

26
Q

First medical anatomist to combine embalming with funeralization for a profit

A

Jean Nicholas Gannal

27
Q

Author of History of Embalming

A

Jean Nicholas Gannal

28
Q

Author of Treatise on the art of embalming

A

Thomas Greenhill

29
Q

Defended the charter of the Barber Surgeon’s monopoly

A

Thomas Greenhill

30
Q

The incorrect belief that bodily toxins, diseases, etc. could simply be removed by opening veins and draining

A

Blood Letting

31
Q

Blood Letting originated where?

A

Medieval Monastery

32
Q

Who monopolized embalming through the Guild System?

A

The Barber Surgeon Guild

33
Q

Who challenged the monopoly of the Barber Surgeon guild?

A

Michael Makeland

34
Q

Prior to 1600

A

There was no secular undertaking
Funeralization was church controlled
Embalming rarely done

35
Q

After 1600

A

Role of the undertaker was defined

Heralds chartered as supervisors of funerals

36
Q

The role of the undertaker was defined as

A

one who prepares the dead for burial and supplies funeral paraphernalia

37
Q

The peak if heraldy and pomp was during this period

A

the later Feudal period

38
Q

What marked the beginning of the Christian’s true life in heaven

A

The funeral

39
Q

One who performs funeral tasks

A

Undertaker

40
Q

Coffined burial for the poor seems to occur by when

A

the middle of the 18th century

41
Q

This allowed the British Medical Schools to use unclaimed bodies for cadavers, many of which were arterially embalmed

A

Warburton Act of 1832

42
Q

Why did the church lose control of the funeralization process?

A

The spread of contagious disease overwhelmed the church’s capability to handle it
Extramural interment
Sanitation movement
Rise of the secular undertaker
People wanted elaborate funerals, which were not being preached by the church

43
Q

Who was commissioned to investigate the conditions under which the Urban English worker lived, worked, and died?

A

Edwin Chadwick

44
Q

What did Chadwick find?

A 
Child murder for insurance collection
Poor quality of embalming
Graves were too shallow
Competition was fierce
Price fixing
Church of England incompetent in record keeping
Undertakers had to be regulated
45
Q

This writer exposed the horrors of 19th century England relating to abusive practices, particularly against children

A

Charles Dickens

46
Q

This writer described British funeral practices, insurance fraud, and Burial Societies

A

Charles Dickens

47
Q

By 1900, the church and British Public Health Authorities had to rely upon whom

A

The British Tradesman Undertaker

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