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Principles > Funeral Customs of the Ancient Egyptians > Flashcards

Funeral Customs of the Ancient Egyptians Flashcards

1
Q

Egyptians believed that the sun was the center, the focus of the universe, from which all things emerged and to which they returned

A

Theology of sun-worship

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2
Q

God of the underworld and judge of the dead

A

Osiris

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3
Q

This would be allowed to pass into perpetual happiness

A

Justified Soul

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4
Q

This would pass into perpetual misery

A

Condemned soul

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5
Q

The death cycle

A

Circle of necessity

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6
Q

What is the circle of necessity

A

The resuscitation of the body with the soul after 3000 years
Through a continuous series of ritualistic actions, the reconstituted preserved body would reunite with the soul and pass into eternity

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7
Q

How many elements were believed to have been with the body in Ancient Egypt?

A

6

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8
Q

The soul or spirit is the

A

Ba

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9
Q

“The shining one”

The soul transported to the sun

A

Yakhu

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10
Q

Identity of the deceased

A

The name

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11
Q

Flesh and bones

A

The shadow

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12
Q

Intellect and emotions

A

The heart

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13
Q

Offerings to the dead

Prayers, jewels, etc

A

Ka

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14
Q

List all of the elements of the body

A 
Ba
Yakhu
Name
Shadow
Heart
Ka
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15
Q

This was a burial motive

A

The threat of the plague

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16
Q

Why was the plague a burial motive?

A

The egyptians believed that the by-products of putrefaction seeping into the soil would generate the plague

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17
Q

Bodies shrouded in coarse cloth and laid upon beds of charcoal under six to eight feet of sand, allowed to dehydrate, mummify naturally have undergone

A

Dry Burial

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18
Q

During which period did the practice of embalming peak

A

New Kingdom Period (1738-1102 B.C.)

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19
Q

Who is the father of recorded history

A

Herodotus

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20
Q

Who is another important historian who wrote about the time of Christ?

A

Diodorus Siculus

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21
Q

About how much of the population was the nobility, deserving the highest grade of embalming?

A

5%

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22
Q

What were the main steps in the Highest grade of embalming (for nobility)?

A 
Evisceration
Vatting
Treatment of the Viscera (Canopic Jars)
Wrapping and Jeweling of the body
Encasement
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23
Q

What was used to cut into the body of the Ancient Egyptian Nobility for the evisceration process?

A

Black flint ceremonial knife called Ethiopian Stone

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24
Q

What kind of chemicals were used in the Vatting process?

A

Natron

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25
Q

What is Natron?

A

Equivalent of today’s pickle juice

Sodium salt solution like brine

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26
Q

What were the viscera placed in once they were removed and packed in spices?

A

Canopic Jars

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27
Q

What are the Canopic Jars?

A

Mestha
Hapi
Tuamutef
Qebhsennuf

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28
Q

The human head canopic jar

A

Mestha

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29
Q

The baboon head canopic jar

A

Hapi

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30
Q

The jackal head canopic jar

A

Tuamutef

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31
Q

The hawk head canopic jar

A

Qebhsennuf

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32
Q

What did Mestha protect?

A

Stomach and large intestines

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33
Q

What did Hapi protect?

A

Small Intestine

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34
Q

What did Tuamutef protect?

A

Lungs and heart

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35
Q

What did Qebhsennuf protect?

A

Liver and gall bladder

36
Q

Which canopic jar protected the stomach and large intestines?

A

Mestha

37
Q

Which canopic jar protected the small intestine?

A

Hapi

38
Q

Which canopic jar protected the lungs and the heart?

A

Tuamutef

39
Q

Which canopic jar protected the liver and gall bladder?

A

Qebhsunnef

40
Q

What were the three outside enclosures involved in encasing the nobility?

A

Mummy Case
Rectangular box/larger mummy case
Sarcophagus

41
Q

These two enclosures were made of wood

A

Mummy case and larger mummy case

42
Q

What was a Sarcophagus made of?

A

Granite or cement

43
Q

About what percentage of the population received the middle grade of embalming?

A

15%

44
Q

Who made up the middle class?

A

Merchants and field grade officers in the military

45
Q

What was involved in the middle grade of embalming?

A

All cavities injected with cedar oil
Vatting in Natron for 70 days, drainage of all cavities
No wrapping, jeweling, or encasement
Pickled shell returned to family who would inter or entomb the remains themselves

46
Q

About what percentage of the population received the lowest grade of preparation?

A

80%

47
Q

What was involved in the lowest grade of embalming?

A

Pickled shell dipped into a vat of hot bitumen or tar for up to 70 days
Dry burial on charcoal bed

48
Q

What is the result of the lowest grade of embalming?

A

Black Mummy

49
Q

What was the desire that led to the use of coffins?

A

Keep bodies from touching the earth

50
Q

What were the commonly used materials for coffins in early Egyptian history?

A

Mats and animal skins
Reed Baskets
Wooden or earthenware canisters

51
Q

When did the use of the sarcophagus first appear?

A

Around 2500 BC

52
Q

What would cover the exterior of the sarcophagus with prayers, genealogies, and religious and magical texts?

A

Hieroglyphic inscriptions

53
Q

The man resembling coffin is also called

A

Anthropoid

54
Q

The portrait coffin developed under whom?

A

The Romans

55
Q

The portrait coffin consisted of this

A

the face painted on a wooden panel held in place by bandages

56
Q

What are the names of the undertaking specialists and embalming rituals?

A 
Kher-Heb
Designer/painter
Dissector/Anatomist
Scribe
Pollinctor/Apothecary
Physician/Priest
Embalmer/Surgeon
57
Q

The major priest who superintended embalming and funeral arrangement

A

Kher-Heb

58
Q

The Kher-Heb would recite these

A

Religious prayers during each step of the ritual

59
Q

The Kher-Heb also provided this

A

Transportation

60
Q

Who replaced missing fingernails and toenails with gold thimbles?

A

Designer/painter

61
Q

Who did the wrapping, spicing, and painting involved at the end of the embalming operation?

A

Designer/painter

62
Q

Who completed the evisceration, vatting, washing, and application of spices, unguents, and gums?

A

Dissector/Anatomist

63
Q

What is the Dissector/Anatomist also called?

A

Paraschistes

64
Q

What does paraschistes mean?

A

Embalmer

65
Q

Who is the assistant to the Kher-Heb, who indicated the path of the incision and directed the paraschistes during the evisceration process?

A

Scribe

66
Q

Who was the chemist in charge of vatting?

A

Pollinctor/Apothecary

67
Q

Who made the natron and formulate any other chemical and resins necessary to prepare the body?

A

Pollinctor/Apothecary

68
Q

Who assisted the Kher-Heb as supervisors during the embalming operation who is involved more with ritual and prayer?

A

Physician/Priest

69
Q

Who was basically an upper level master dissector or anatomist having supervisory capabilities, but still subordinate to the Kher-Heb?

A

Embalmer/Surgeon

70
Q

Who was the Kher-Heb?

A

The major priest who superintended the embalming and funeral arrangement, providing prayers and transportation

71
Q

What did the Designer/Painter do?

A

Replaced missing fingernails and toenails with gold thimbles, as well as spicing, wrapping, and painting after embalming

72
Q

What did the Paraschistes do?

A

Compeleted the evisceration, vatting, washing, and application of spices, unguents, and gums

73
Q

What did the scribe do?

A

Assisted the Kher-Heb and directed the Paraschistes during the evisceration process

74
Q

What did the Pollinctor do?

A

Vatting and formulation of natron and other chemicals and resins necessary to prepare the body

75
Q

What did the Physician/priest do?

A

Assisted the Kher-Heb as supervisors during the embalming operation more with ritual and prayers

76
Q

What did the Embalmer/surgeon do?

A

Basically an upper level Master Dissector or anatomist having supervisory capabilities, but still subordinate to the Kher-Heb

77
Q

Describe the Concept of balance

A

The heart of the dead man was weighed against a feather by Anubis. If the heart was lighter than the feather, the soul would then be justified and go on to become an Osiris. If the heart was heavier than the feather, the heart was fed to the monster Ament, ending the chance to become an Osiris

78
Q

Who is Anubis?

A

The god of Embalming and Protector of the deceased

79
Q

Who was the god of embalming?

A

Anubis

80
Q

What brought about a concept of accountability?

A

The belief in some kind of judgement of the soul at death

81
Q

Describe a Necropolis

A

Walled suburbs established near large population centers where mortuary temples and the deceased lay. Residences of all those involved with the preparation of the dead and their families also lived here.

82
Q

What class were embalmers a part of?

A

Priesthood

83
Q

Who were the inhabitants of the 13 Canary Islands off the NW coast of Africa who had many similarities to Egyptians?

A

Guanches

84
Q

What similarities did the Guanches have to the Egyptians?

A

Class Distinction
Mortuary workers lived in seclusion in remote parts of the islands, well paid and respected
Evisceration during embalming process

85
Q

What did the Guanches use to eviscerate the body?

A

Black Flint Knife called a Tabona

86
Q

The Guanches placed bodies in the sun or oven to do this

A

Desiccate tissues, called a ‘drying period’

87
Q

What was a Guanche Mummy called?

A

Xaxos

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