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Principles > Funeral Customs of the Ancient Egyptians > Flashcards

Funeral Customs of the Ancient Egyptians Flashcards

1
Q

Egyptians believed that the sun was the center, the focus of the universe, from which all things emerged and to which they returned

A

Theology of sun-worship

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2
Q

God of the underworld and judge of the dead

A

Osiris

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3
Q

This would be allowed to pass into perpetual happiness

A

Justified Soul

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4
Q

This would pass into perpetual misery

A

Condemned soul

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5
Q

The death cycle

A

Circle of necessity

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6
Q

What is the circle of necessity

A

The resuscitation of the body with the soul after 3000 years
Through a continuous series of ritualistic actions, the reconstituted preserved body would reunite with the soul and pass into eternity

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7
Q

How many elements were believed to have been with the body in Ancient Egypt?

A

6

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8
Q

The soul or spirit is the

A

Ba

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9
Q

“The shining one”

The soul transported to the sun

A

Yakhu

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10
Q

Identity of the deceased

A

The name

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11
Q

Flesh and bones

A

The shadow

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12
Q

Intellect and emotions

A

The heart

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13
Q

Offerings to the dead

Prayers, jewels, etc

A

Ka

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14
Q

List all of the elements of the body

A 
Ba
Yakhu
Name
Shadow
Heart
Ka
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15
Q

This was a burial motive

A

The threat of the plague

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16
Q

Why was the plague a burial motive?

A

The egyptians believed that the by-products of putrefaction seeping into the soil would generate the plague

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17
Q

Bodies shrouded in coarse cloth and laid upon beds of charcoal under six to eight feet of sand, allowed to dehydrate, mummify naturally have undergone

A

Dry Burial

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18
Q

During which period did the practice of embalming peak

A

New Kingdom Period (1738-1102 B.C.)

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19
Q

Who is the father of recorded history

A

Herodotus

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20
Q

Who is another important historian who wrote about the time of Christ?

A

Diodorus Siculus

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21
Q

About how much of the population was the nobility, deserving the highest grade of embalming?

A

5%

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22
Q

What were the main steps in the Highest grade of embalming (for nobility)?

A 
Evisceration
Vatting
Treatment of the Viscera (Canopic Jars)
Wrapping and Jeweling of the body
Encasement
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23
Q

What was used to cut into the body of the Ancient Egyptian Nobility for the evisceration process?

A

Black flint ceremonial knife called Ethiopian Stone

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24
Q

What kind of chemicals were used in the Vatting process?

A

Natron

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25
What is Natron?
Equivalent of today's pickle juice | Sodium salt solution like brine
26
What were the viscera placed in once they were removed and packed in spices?
Canopic Jars
27
What are the Canopic Jars?
Mestha Hapi Tuamutef Qebhsennuf
28
The human head canopic jar
Mestha
29
The baboon head canopic jar
Hapi
30
The jackal head canopic jar
Tuamutef
31
The hawk head canopic jar
Qebhsennuf
32
What did Mestha protect?
Stomach and large intestines
33
What did Hapi protect?
Small Intestine
34
What did Tuamutef protect?
Lungs and heart
35
What did Qebhsennuf protect?
Liver and gall bladder
36
Which canopic jar protected the stomach and large intestines?
Mestha
37
Which canopic jar protected the small intestine?
Hapi
38
Which canopic jar protected the lungs and the heart?
Tuamutef
39
Which canopic jar protected the liver and gall bladder?
Qebhsunnef
40
What were the three outside enclosures involved in encasing the nobility?
Mummy Case Rectangular box/larger mummy case Sarcophagus
41
These two enclosures were made of wood
Mummy case and larger mummy case
42
What was a Sarcophagus made of?
Granite or cement
43
About what percentage of the population received the middle grade of embalming?
15%
44
Who made up the middle class?
Merchants and field grade officers in the military
45
What was involved in the middle grade of embalming?
All cavities injected with cedar oil Vatting in Natron for 70 days, drainage of all cavities No wrapping, jeweling, or encasement Pickled shell returned to family who would inter or entomb the remains themselves
46
About what percentage of the population received the lowest grade of preparation?
80%
47
What was involved in the lowest grade of embalming?
Pickled shell dipped into a vat of hot bitumen or tar for up to 70 days Dry burial on charcoal bed
48
What is the result of the lowest grade of embalming?
Black Mummy
49
What was the desire that led to the use of coffins?
Keep bodies from touching the earth
50
What were the commonly used materials for coffins in early Egyptian history?
Mats and animal skins Reed Baskets Wooden or earthenware canisters
51
When did the use of the sarcophagus first appear?
Around 2500 BC
52
What would cover the exterior of the sarcophagus with prayers, genealogies, and religious and magical texts?
Hieroglyphic inscriptions
53
The man resembling coffin is also called
Anthropoid
54
The portrait coffin developed under whom?
The Romans
55
The portrait coffin consisted of this
the face painted on a wooden panel held in place by bandages
56
What are the names of the undertaking specialists and embalming rituals?
``` Kher-Heb Designer/painter Dissector/Anatomist Scribe Pollinctor/Apothecary Physician/Priest Embalmer/Surgeon ```
57
The major priest who superintended embalming and funeral arrangement
Kher-Heb
58
The Kher-Heb would recite these
Religious prayers during each step of the ritual
59
The Kher-Heb also provided this
Transportation
60
Who replaced missing fingernails and toenails with gold thimbles?
Designer/painter
61
Who did the wrapping, spicing, and painting involved at the end of the embalming operation?
Designer/painter
62
Who completed the evisceration, vatting, washing, and application of spices, unguents, and gums?
Dissector/Anatomist
63
What is the Dissector/Anatomist also called?
Paraschistes
64
What does paraschistes mean?
Embalmer
65
Who is the assistant to the Kher-Heb, who indicated the path of the incision and directed the paraschistes during the evisceration process?
Scribe
66
Who was the chemist in charge of vatting?
Pollinctor/Apothecary
67
Who made the natron and formulate any other chemical and resins necessary to prepare the body?
Pollinctor/Apothecary
68
Who assisted the Kher-Heb as supervisors during the embalming operation who is involved more with ritual and prayer?
Physician/Priest
69
Who was basically an upper level master dissector or anatomist having supervisory capabilities, but still subordinate to the Kher-Heb?
Embalmer/Surgeon
70
Who was the Kher-Heb?
The major priest who superintended the embalming and funeral arrangement, providing prayers and transportation
71
What did the Designer/Painter do?
Replaced missing fingernails and toenails with gold thimbles, as well as spicing, wrapping, and painting after embalming
72
What did the Paraschistes do?
Compeleted the evisceration, vatting, washing, and application of spices, unguents, and gums
73
What did the scribe do?
Assisted the Kher-Heb and directed the Paraschistes during the evisceration process
74
What did the Pollinctor do?
Vatting and formulation of natron and other chemicals and resins necessary to prepare the body
75
What did the Physician/priest do?
Assisted the Kher-Heb as supervisors during the embalming operation more with ritual and prayers
76
What did the Embalmer/surgeon do?
Basically an upper level Master Dissector or anatomist having supervisory capabilities, but still subordinate to the Kher-Heb
77
Describe the Concept of balance
The heart of the dead man was weighed against a feather by Anubis. If the heart was lighter than the feather, the soul would then be justified and go on to become an Osiris. If the heart was heavier than the feather, the heart was fed to the monster Ament, ending the chance to become an Osiris
78
Who is Anubis?
The god of Embalming and Protector of the deceased
79
Who was the god of embalming?
Anubis
80
What brought about a concept of accountability?
The belief in some kind of judgement of the soul at death
81
Describe a Necropolis
Walled suburbs established near large population centers where mortuary temples and the deceased lay. Residences of all those involved with the preparation of the dead and their families also lived here.
82
What class were embalmers a part of?
Priesthood
83
Who were the inhabitants of the 13 Canary Islands off the NW coast of Africa who had many similarities to Egyptians?
Guanches
84
What similarities did the Guanches have to the Egyptians?
Class Distinction Mortuary workers lived in seclusion in remote parts of the islands, well paid and respected Evisceration during embalming process
85
What did the Guanches use to eviscerate the body?
Black Flint Knife called a Tabona
86
The Guanches placed bodies in the sun or oven to do this
Desiccate tissues, called a 'drying period'
87
What was a Guanche Mummy called?
Xaxos

Principles (15 decks)

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