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Principles > American Colonial Funeral Directing > Flashcards

American Colonial Funeral Directing Flashcards

1
Q

The origins of funeral customs were what?

A

British and Dutch

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2
Q

The Dutch were located where?

A

NY and DE

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3
Q

The Virginia Colony was founded in

A

1607

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4
Q

The Virginia Colony was basically a

A

commercial enterprise

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5
Q

The funeral customs of ______ were carried intact to the southern colonies

A

England

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6
Q

The southern customs were all _________ customs

A

Anglican

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7
Q

This church continued to dominate funeralization until the American Revolution

A

The Anglican Church

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8
Q

Who was the primary controlling force over funeralization practices in the southern colonies?

A

Anglican church sexton

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9
Q

Who founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

A

Puritans

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10
Q

The Puritans founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony as a religious colony in exile from whom?

A

Anglican England

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11
Q

The Massachusetts Bay Colony established this that rejected all other creeds except their own

A

A Theocracy

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12
Q

During the 17th century, the Puritans embraced this Doctrine

A

Doctrine of Fatalism

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13
Q

The Puritans rejected what?

A

Organized clergy, doctrines, or any other trappings of European organized religion

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14
Q

Describe the burial customs of the Puritans

A

Simplistic committal services and immediate interments

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15
Q

Who did all of the preparations of the deceased in the Puritans?

A

The family

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16
Q

The puritans eliminated this during the committal

A

Prayers

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17
Q

The calvinistic work or starve to death ethic with dedication to the production of goods and service and the development of one’s own individuality, pulling one’s own weight, spread throughout the colonies from it’s base in New England

A

Protestant Work Ethic

Protestantism

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18
Q

The funeral was a common occurrence and because of its frequency became integral as what?

A

A Social Custom

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19
Q

Why were there so many deaths in colonial America?

A 
Indian Wars
Colonial Disputes
Very high infant mortality rate
Communicable diseases
Public executions
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20
Q

From 1600 to 1700, Puritan funeral customs were

A

Models of Simplicity and Dignity

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21
Q

From 1700 to 1800, there was an increase in

A

Social character and prestige attached to funeralization

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22
Q

In the 18th century, fatalism and pessimism were replaced by this

A

Liberalized Calvinism

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23
Q

In the late 1700’s, gifts were given to whom?

A

hose who participated in the funeral

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24
Q

What kind of gifts were given?

A

Rings, scarves, gloves, books, printed verses, needlecraft, etc

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25
Q

Massachussetts general court passed laws prohibiting

A

extraordinary expense at funerals

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26
Q

Due to extensive gift giving at funerals, the colonial widow was faced with

A

tremendous financial burden

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27
Q

The puritan funeral began in the church with prayers and a sermon said over a

A

pall covered coffin

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28
Q

The pall covered coffin in a puritan funeral would be placed on a

A

bier

29
Q

The procession to the grave from the church was on foot, with

A

underbearers carrying the coffin on the bier

30
Q

Who carried the pall?

A

Pallbearers

31
Q

The pallbearers held how many sticks attached to the pall, carrying it over the coffin

A

6

32
Q

What did the colonial sexton charge fees for?

A

Announcing the funeral by tolling the bell

Digging the grave

33
Q

The funeral by the revolutionary war was both a

A

social function and a public event

34
Q

There was no charge for what?

A

birth/death records or any other record keeping

35
Q

Maryland was what kind of colony?

A

Catholic

36
Q

As a catholic colony, Maryland continued on the European practices of the

A

Roman Cathoic Church

37
Q

Maryland was a place where these people could practice their faith free from persecution

A

British Roman Catholics

38
Q

Funeral services during the 18th and 19th centuries became what?

A

A middle class phenomenon

39
Q

The New England wake (northern) involved the remains being washed, dressed, and placed in state by whom?

A

Family, neighbors, or a nurse

40
Q

Who was the coffin purchased from?

A

A cabinet maker

41
Q

The more expensive coffins would have this imported from England or Germany

A

Coffin Furniture

42
Q

In New England, the body was eviscerated and the remains were placed in this

A

cere cloth

43
Q

The southern colonial funerals were under the direct control of the Anglican church, usually by the _____ who is now charging a fee for his services

A

Sexton

44
Q

The british medieval customs of drinking and feasting were carried into which colonies

A

Southern

45
Q

This new custom was added to the southern burial custom

A

shooting guns

46
Q

After 1750, as the colonies became stable, there was some degree of this restored to the Christian funeral

A

Ceremonial dignity

47
Q

Specific garments for mourning were characteristic of which set of colonies

A

Southern

48
Q

Which culture would flay off skin in one piece from an incision down the spine

A

North American Indians

49
Q

One the Native Americans flayed off the skin, the skeleton is retained, but what happens to the viscera, muscle, and fat?

A

Disposed of

50
Q

The skin, once the viscera, muscle, and fat is removed, is reattached, and the body is filled with which

A

white sand

51
Q

Why did the Native Americans fill the eviscerated body filled with white sand?

A

To dehydrate the skin

52
Q

Large Native American burial mounds are located whater

A

Tennessee and Mississippi

53
Q

A raised mortuary long house in Native American culture is known as a

A

Charnel house

54
Q

bodies were stored in the Charnel house until they were

A

skeletons

55
Q

The skeletons would then be reinterred in

A

ossuaries

56
Q

Describe the Dutch burial ceremony

A

Extensive and important prior to burial with extensive praying for the soul

57
Q

How long would the wake period be in Dutch custom?

A

3 to 4 days

58
Q

Where would the wake take place in Dutch custom?

A

In the best room of the house, usually the parlor

59
Q

In a Dutch funeral, the coffin was covered by a pall and carried to the churchyard by how many pall bearers?

A

As many as 12

60
Q

An ornate spoon often made of silver whose handle was intended to resemble an apostle but actually looked like an animal because of shoddy engraving

A

Monkey Spoon

61
Q

Dutch funerals were primarily attended by whom?

A

Men

62
Q

After the committal service of a Dutch funeral, what took place?

A

Feasting and drinking, followed by the estate being divided

63
Q

The Dutch licensed an individual to direct and oversee all funerals, called what?

A

Aanspreecker

64
Q

These forced the north eastern colonies into the Industrial Revolution?

A

Embargo Acts, Revolutionary War, and the British coastal blockages during the War of 1812

65
Q

After the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, a large influx of non British immigrants arrived in America. These were mostly

A

Germans (Lutherans)

66
Q

During the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, there was a shift to what

A

Simpler, less pretentious funerals

67
Q

What was common to bother tories and rebels supporting austere funeral practice?

A

Sumptuary Laws

68
Q

Because the industrial revolution was successful in eastern North America, this appeared and became a means to express social status aspirations

A

a New thriving middle class

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