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Principles > Death and Burial through the Middle Ages and Renaissance > Flashcards

Death and Burial through the Middle Ages and Renaissance Flashcards

1
Q

Roman peace is also known as

A

Pax Romana

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2
Q

This ended due to Teutonic invasion

A

Pax Romana

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3
Q

A territorial system with established small fiefdoms interconnected by blood and marriage alliances and based on inequality and social ranking of the population

A

Feudalism

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4
Q

Funeralizing the dead in white garments changed to

A

garments indicating social rank

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5
Q

The funeral service consisted of

A

Wake
Requiem Mass
Committal Service

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6
Q

Mortuary fees paid to the church from the estate of the deceased for complete funeral service

A

Soul Shot

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7
Q

Who was paid the soul shot?

A

the Decani

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8
Q

Describe the preparation of the body during the middle ages

A

Little embalming

Annointed with oils and spices and wrapped in shrouds

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9
Q

What was the deceased placed on?

A

A draped Catafalque or bier

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10
Q

The deceased, on the catafalque or bier, was then illuminated with

A

as many as 400 candles

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11
Q

What happened at the funeral feast?

A

The estate was divided and an heir was named

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12
Q

This, passed in 313 AD, encouraged intramural interments without regard to sanitation. It also developed church yard

A

Constantine’s Edict of Toleration

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13
Q

The name given to intramural church yard, cemeteries built next to churches

A

God’s Acre

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14
Q

During the beginning of the plague years, what was the norm?

A

Intramural interment

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15
Q

A significant rise in extramural cemeteries consecrated for that purpose arose out of

A

Necessity out of the bubonic plague

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16
Q

A state in which those whose souls are not perfectly cleansed undergo a process of cleansing before they can enter heaven

A

Purgatorial Doctrine

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17
Q

What was the purpose of the purgatorial societies?

A

To bury the dead and pray for the deliverance of the soul from purgatory

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18
Q

Who made the necessary funeral arrangements which included a Requiem Mass, burial with solemnity, the payment of the soul shot, and a liberal distribution of alms to the poor?

A

The Steward of the Guild

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19
Q

A death crier, dressed in black with a skull and crossbones on both sides of his gown, would ring a bell and announce the death of a Guild Member

A

Death Watch

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20
Q

Who would announce the death of a Guild Member?

A

Death Crier

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21
Q

This was characterized by rioting and drunkenness, basically making fun of the deceased

A

Rousing the Ghost

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22
Q

These were only for the nobility and church leaders, involved long wakes, crude embalming practices used to deter putrefaction

A

Funerals of State

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23
Q

Usually a death mask, sometimes an entire caricature, used to represent the deceased

A

Waxen Effigy

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24
Q

These were made from the finest materials (for nobility only)

A

Crypts

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25
Q

What materials were noble’s crypts made of?

A

Silver, Gold, bronze, and jewels

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26
Q

How much of the European population died during the Bubonic Plague?

A

50%

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27
Q

What caused Bubonic Plague?

A

Yersinia pestis, carried by infected fleas on black rats

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28
Q

What did people think caused the Bubonic Plague

A

Punishment from God for sins

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29
Q

These were an antisemetic order of lay men who blamed the Jewish population of Europe for the Bubonic Plague

A

Flagellant Society

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30
Q

Because of the massive numbers of deaths, what kind of burial was consecrated?

A

Extramural burial pit

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31
Q

The word coffin is derived from what?

A

the Greeks word kofinos

32
Q

Kofinos means what?

A

Basket, coffer, or chest

33
Q

Sarcophagus means what?

A

Greek body eater

34
Q

Most people in the middle ages were buried how?

A

Shrouded and uncoffined

35
Q

A rented coffin used as a bier during the middle ages

A

Parish Shell

36
Q

What did the middle class in the middle ages consist of?

A

Merchants military men, and Tradesmen

37
Q

At the end of the middle ages, the middle class is

A

Small in number, and for the first time, others besides nobility have money

38
Q

These were most common among Guild members and other laboring or serf classes

A

Burial Clubs

39
Q

The dues collected to defray costs for masses, pall, chaplain fees, bier rental, shroud, etc

A

Quarterage

40
Q

Describe the Burial in Woolen Act

A

Linen was desperately needed to make high grade paper, and the wool industry was in depression. The two industries got together to pass a law saying that all shrouds and coffin linings must be made with wool

41
Q

The mourning colors for the average person in the Middle Ages was

A

black

42
Q

For royalty, the mourning color in the middle ages was

A

Purple

43
Q

These symbolized the mourning garments of the widow during the middle ages

A

Black Cloak

44
Q

The code of conduct for the widow of an important man required that the widow do what?

A

Retire to a convent or dower house garbed as a nun

45
Q

White cuffs, widow’s bonnet, black veil, and the barbe are often referred to as

A

Widow’s Weods

46
Q

The portion of or interest in the real estate of a deceased husband that is given by law to his widow during her life

A

Dowry

47
Q

Protestant custom to sprinkle this on the corpse

A

Handful of dirt

48
Q

Jewish custom of placing this in the coffin

A

A bag of Earth from Palestine

49
Q

This was falsely believed by the British to be a disinfectant against plague if it was thrown into the grave

A

A Sprig of Rosemary

50
Q

By eating a loaf of bread, drinking a bowl of stale beer over a corpse, and accepting a six pence, a man was able to take unto himself the sins of the deceased, whose ghost thereafter would no longer wander

A

Sin-Eater

51
Q

The clergy were buried with their feet towards the

A

East

52
Q

The spirit of the time, the view men take of death

A

Zeit Geist

53
Q

These emphasized the face that death was common place

A

Death dance, public execution, bubonic plague, and warfare

54
Q

A semi-secular under the office of the church delegated to care for church property, ringing of bells and the digging of the graves

A

Sexton

55
Q

What are the two types of Divided Burial?

A

Independent Bone and Independent Heart Burial

56
Q

This practice was usually associated with relics, having this organ removed from religious leaders and preserved as relics

A

Independent Heart Burial

57
Q

This practice was usually associated with transporting those who died in war back home to be interred

A

Independent Bone Burial

58
Q

Describe the process of Independent Bone Burial

A

The dead bodies were boiled down to skeletons and the bones shipped for funeralization

59
Q

Embalming during the middle ages

A

Rarely practiced

60
Q

Why was embalming rarely practiced?

A

It violated the doctrine that the body was the temple of the holy spirit

61
Q

List the situations when bodies were allowed to be embalmed, eviscerated and vatted by the church

A

Making relics of Martyrs and Saints
Intramural interments demanded some kind of preservation
Transportation of prominent leaders to their homes during warfare
Preservation of remains for anatomical study

62
Q

List prominent monarchs known to be embalmed for intramural interments

A

Henry I of England

Edward I of England

63
Q

Who was doing the embalming during the middle ages?

A

The Monks

64
Q

In the late middle ages, who was doing the embalming?

A

Anatomist to make cadavers to study anatomy related to the practice of medicine

65
Q

This person describes the earliest complete account of Medieval embalming describing the three variants of the basic cavity method

A

Pietro d’Argellata

66
Q

Had the only credible work in human anatomy which dominated medicine for almost 1300 years

A

Galen of Pergamon

67
Q

Wrote one of the best studies of anatomy during the Renaissance

A

Vesalius

68
Q

Considered to be the first serious anatomist of the Middle Ages

A

Mundinus

69
Q

Why was developing methods of preservation important

A

To research the structures and function of the human body

70
Q

Embalming procedure in the middle ages consisted of

A

Evisceration and vatting

71
Q

With the abolition of monastic orders and burial and purgatorial brotherhood, guilds and leagues, what happened to the new protestant funeral procession

A

It lost most of its solemnity

72
Q

In this, the puritans within the Anglican church stripped away the last vestiges of ostenation and pageantry of the Roman Catholic Church as it related to funerals

A

Vestiarian Controversy

73
Q

Who began the Reformation?

A

Martin Luther

74
Q

What began the Reformation?

A

Rejection of the Doctrine of Purgatory and Indulgences

75
Q

Remission of part of the temporal punishment due to sin offered for the soul of the deceased

A

Indulgences

76
Q

This was rejected for a time by protestants

A

Lying in state

77
Q

The emerging Protestant funeral contained

A

Reading of scripture and singing of hymns
Brief discourse on death and resurrection from the Bible
Sermon on the life and death of the deceased
Blessing of the dead

Principles (15 decks)

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