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Principles > Development of Embalming > Flashcards

Development of Embalming Flashcards

1
Q

The European customary aspects of preserving the dead include

A

Preserving parts of the dead nobility as relics

Preserving bodies of the nobles for long extended wake periods - up to 8 days

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2
Q

List the various crude methods used during the colonial American period to deter putrefaction prior to 1800

A

Sealing bodies with airtight coffins
Wrapping bodies in shrouds soaked in alum
Immersing bodies in barrels of alcohol
Disemboweling and filling the cavities with charcoal

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3
Q

Even though arterial injection was popular in France and England about the time of the Civil War, most attempts to deter putrefaction were based on this

A

Refrigeration

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4
Q

Two Baltimore undertakers credited with the first successful corpse cooler

A

Robert Frederick and C.A Trump

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5
Q

Invented a metal box like refrigerator used in hospitals and city morgues

A

Charles Kimball

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6
Q

Each filed separate patents for more portable corpse cooling devices made of zinc and wood that fitted various parts of the body

A

Howard V Griffith and R.C. Andrus

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7
Q

These attempts were made to modify airtight burial cases to deter putrefaction

A

Some filled with poison gas
Some filled with brine, alcohol, etc
Some filled with deodorizing substances introduced by a tube or funnel into the burial case

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8
Q

List the 4 influences that led to the development of arterial embalming

A

Rise of medical schools and research
The desire to wake the deceased in a casket rather than on a cooling board
Sanitation movement

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9
Q

This may have been the most significant influence on the development of embalming

A

Civil War

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10
Q

Why was the Civil War such an influence on the development of embalming

A

The tremendous number of dead bodies presented a sanitation problem
Family members desired dead bodies to return home to family burial plots
Medical embalmer-surgeons promotions
Transportation workers demanded it

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11
Q

Father of American Embalming

A

Dr Thomas Holmes

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12
Q

Accomplished embalmer who formulated a fluid made of arsenic and zinc-chloride called inomitata

A

Dr. Thomas Holmes

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13
Q

Never commissioned into the Army as a medical or any other kind of officer, but was definitely a sort of contract embalmer

A

Dr. Thomas Holmes

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14
Q

Claims to have embalmed 4,028 officers and soldiers both field and staff

A

Dr. Thomas Holmes

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15
Q

Last request was to not be embalmed

A

Dr. Thomas Holmes

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16
Q

Has the first patent for embalming dead bodies

A

J. Anthony Gaussardia

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17
Q

Embalmed Willy Lincoln, son of Abraham Lincoln

A

Henry Cattell

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18
Q

Embalmed President Lincoln, who was not interred for 21 days

A

Henry Cattell

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19
Q

The first black embalmer

A

Prince Greer

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20
Q

The earliest center of embalming

A

Washington D.C.

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21
Q

Because of this man, the first federal laws about embalming were established

A

Dr. Richard Burr

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22
Q

Chemical preservation was resisted initially because the public saw it as

A

Mutilation to the body

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23
Q

After the Civil War, the medical specialists abandoned embalming for more lucrative pursuits, which led to the undertakers who learned the skill where?

A

on the battlefield

24
Q

The development of a commercial enterprise in the compounding and distribution of embalming fluids, the the rise of these

A

Mortuary Schools

25
Q

Chemical fluid manufacturers provided traveling salesmen to

A

promote their chemicals

26
Q

Chemical fluid manufacturers also provided this to undertakers who purchased their embalming chemicals and gave out diplomas

A

Training and instruction

27
Q

Chemical fluid manufacturers also provided warehousing chemicals and development of new chemicals through

A

Research and Development

28
Q

Instruction in early embalming techniques was done by whom?

A

Civil War embalmers

29
Q

The early chemical formulations for embalming were basically this

A

Metallic poison and metallic salts in solution

30
Q

The early embalming schools were how long?

A

No more than 7 days

31
Q

Medical embalmer during the Civil War who patented and sold Cranes’ electro dynamic mummifier

A

Professor E.H. Crane

32
Q

Bought the rights from Crane and sold the fluid and Professor Rhodes’ electrical balm

A

Professor George M Rhodes

33
Q

Patented the trocar

A

Professor Samuel Rogers

34
Q

Had the largest travelling embalming school

A

Professor Felix A. Sullivan

35
Q

Introduced chemical embalming English undertakers

A

Professor Felix A. Sullivan

36
Q

Known as the “Dean of Embalmers of the English Speaking People”

A

Professor Felix A. Sullivan

37
Q

Founded by Edward Hill and Scipio Baker - still in business

A

Champion Chemical Company

38
Q

Founded by Joseph H Clarke

A

Clarke Chemical Works

39
Q

“Non-poisonous big four”

A

Embalmers Supply Company (ESCO)

40
Q

Had a secret formula containing no metal salts or formalis

A

Embalmers Supply Company (ESCO)

41
Q

Founded by A. Johnson Dodge

Still in Business

A

Dodge Chemical Company

42
Q

Studied and brough Jean Gannal’s book, A History of Embalming, to the US and had it translated to English

A

Dr Richard Harlan

43
Q

Coffin salesman associated with Professor Rhodes who taught him how to embalm and make fluid

A

Joseph H Clarke

44
Q

Opened the three week embalming school later to be called Cincinnati School of Embalming, the oldest mortuary school still in existence

A

Joseph H. Clarke

45
Q

Opened the School of Sanitation and Embalming, located at Monument and Wolfe Street and Johns Hopkins University

A

Dr William Hartley

46
Q

Opened the first mortuary school in Maryland

A

Dr. William Hartley

47
Q

Metallic poisons were replaced by this by 1920

A

Formalin

48
Q

Describe the effect of Arsenic (Metallic salts) on the body

A

Left the body soft and pliable and extremely white

49
Q

The influence of modern embalming practice was most significant with this

A

The combination of arterial injection followed by cavity treatment

50
Q

Where was embalming originally done?

A

In the home

51
Q

All of the equipment was portable, in this

A

A black suitcase

52
Q

Embalming tables were

A

cooling boards

53
Q

Chemicals were metallic poisons until the 1920’s, when this replaced it

A

Formaldehyde

54
Q

These were the two methods originally used with arterial injection

A

Hand pump and Jug method

55
Q

The bodies were dressed and waked on these

A

Cooling Boards

Principles (15 decks)

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