Medical Conditions

Question 1

Normal Potassium Lab Values

Answer 1

3.5-5.3 mEq/L

Question 2

Hyperkalemia lab value

Answer 2

> 5.3 mEq/L

Question 3

Critical potassium lab value

Answer 3

> 7 mEq/L

Question 4

S & S of hyperkalemia

Answer 4

Fatigue, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, paresthesias

Question 5

ECG of hyperkalemia

Answer 5

widening of QRS progressing to v-tach/fib; cardiac arrest

Question 6

Hypokalemia lab value

Answer 6

<3.5 mEq/L

Question 7

Critical lab value hypokalemia

Answer 7

< 3 mEq/L

Question 8

S&S hypokalemia

Answer 8

Fatigue, muscle weakness, fasciculations, paralysis, respiratory failure

Question 9

ECG of hypokalemia

Answer 9

ST segment depression, PVC/PAC, ventricular/atrial tacharrhythmias, and 2nd or 3rd degree AV block, v-fib

Question 10

Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) normal values and what medicine it measures the effectiveness of?

Answer 10

32-70 seconds; Heparin

Question 11

Prothrombin Time (PT) normal values and what medicine it measures the effectiveness of?

Answer 11

12-15 seconds; Warfarin (coumadin)

Question 12

What lab do you need to consistently take if on Warfarin (Coumadin)?

Answer 12

INR

Question 13

Normal values for INR

Answer 13

0.8-1.2

Question 14

Total cholesterol

Answer 14

<200mg/dL

Question 15

HDL normal values

Answer 15

40-59 mg/dL

Question 16

What LDL value is associated with increased CV risk?

Answer 16

> 130 mg/dL

Question 17

What triglyceride value is associated with increased CV risk?

Answer 17

> 150 mg/dL

Question 18

What lab measures the effectiveness of DOAC and NOAC drugs?

Answer 18

Anti-Factor Xa

Question 19

Action of Statins

Answer 19

inhibit hepatic cholesterol synthesis

Question 20

What point of CAD would you give Statins?

Answer 20

atherosclerotic plaque not clotted yet

Question 21

Side effects of statins

Answer 21

Liver dysfunction, myalgias/arthralgia, rhabdomyolysis & acute renal failure

Question 22

Action of antiplatelets & anticoagulants

Answer 22

decrease clot formation & propagation

Question 23

Examples of anticoagulants

Answer 23

heparin, warfarin, NOAC/DOAC

Question 24

Side effects of antiplatelets and anticoagulants

Answer 24

risk of bleeding (CVA), GI upset & bleedig

Question 25

Action of thrombolytics

Answer 25

breakdown clot

Question 26

Side effect of thrombolytic

Answer 26

high bleeding risk

Question 27

What part of the coagulation cascade does thrombolytics act on?

Answer 27

fibrin

Question 28

Action of beta blockers

Answer 28

negative chronotropic and inotropic effects, neurohumoral protection

Question 29

Side effects of beta blockers

Answer 29

Bronchospasm (non-selective), bradycardia, hypotension

Question 30

Action of nitrates

Answer 30

relax vascular smooth muscle by liberated NO

Question 31

Side effects of nitrates

Answer 31

Hypotension c̅ reflex tachycardia, headache, nausea/vomiting, weakness

Question 32

Actions of ACE inhibitors

Answer 32

Decrease angiotensin II --> ateriodilation/decrease afterload Decrease aldosterone release --> diuresis Neurohumoral protection

Question 33

Side effects of ACE inhibitors

Answer 33

hypotension, cough, angioedema

Question 34

Action of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)

Answer 34

blocks activation of angiotensin II receptor and decreases aldosterone secretion

Question 35

Side effects of ARBs

Answer 35

hypotension, fatigue, hyperkalemia

Question 36

Actions of diuretics

Answer 36

diuresis, venodilation (preload reduction), control pulmonary & peripheral "congestion"

Question 37

Common types of diuretics

Answer 37

loop, thiazide, potassium sparing diuretics

Question 38

Side effects of diuretics

Answer 38

hypotension/hypovolemia, electrolyte abnormalities (loop/thiazides: hypokalemia, potassium sparking: hyperkalemia)

Question 39

Action of inotropes

Answer 39

enhances intracellular Ca2+ by inhibiting Na+/K+ pump; enhances contractility/inotropy

Question 40

Side effects of inotropes

Answer 40

dysrhythmias, hypotension, fatigue

Question 41

Action of calcium channel blockers

Answer 41

block Ca2+ entry into cell and decreasing smooth mm. contraction (vasodilation) Decrease HR

Question 42

Side effects of calcium channel blockers

Answer 42

Hypotension and dizziness, headache, fatigue, bradycardia