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DND Unit 2 > Mediators of Inflamation > Flashcards

Mediators of Inflamation Flashcards

1
Q

Name stimuli that cause mast cells to release histamine.

A
  1. Physical (temp or mechanical stim)
  2. Binding of IgE
  3. Compliments
  4. Signals such as Releasing proteins, neruopeptides, and IL-1/8
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2
Q

List the two major pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism ***super important***

A
  1. Cyclooxygenase arm- prostaglandins( dialation) and thromboxanes (constriction) 2. Lipoxygenase- Leukotrienes (vascular perm) and lipoxin (inhibit adhesion)
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3
Q

What are the two main arachidonic acid enzymes targeted by medications.

A
  1. Phospholipase is inhibited by STEROIDS (KOs both arms) 2. COX inhibits cyclooxygenase enzyme.
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4
Q

List important cytokines of acute inflammation and their main functions.

A

TNF and IL-1- Produced in machrophages. Causes endothelial activation (leukocyte binding and recruitment) Chemokines- chemotaxis

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5
Q

List important cytokines of chronic inflammation.

A

IFN-y - Stimulates classical macrophage pathway

IL-12 - stimulates tcell fxn and growth

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6
Q

What cell types are primary producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS)?

A

Neutrophils and Macrophages

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7
Q

What gets damaged by ROS?

A

Everything. Host tissue and microbe alike. Antioxidants (superoxide dismutase) can help prevent host damage.

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8
Q

Describe the functions of nitric oxide in inflammation. Which type of NO is involved in inflammation

A
  1. Free radical that kills microbes. 2. Vasodialation, platelet activation, dec leukocyte recruitment. Type II is involved in inflammation.
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9
Q

Describe what pH conditions are ideal for intra- and extra-cellular lysosomal enzymes

A

Intra- (low pH) Extra- (neutral pH)

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10
Q

Give two examples of protease inhibitors and what they inhibit.

A

Alpha 1-antitrypsin: Inhibits elastase

Alpha 2 Macroglobulin: Inhibits collagenase

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11
Q

Give an example of a neuropeptide active in inflammatory responses.

A

Substance P Involved in proinflammatory response

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12
Q

How is the compliment cascade self-amplified.

A

Activated component proteins are able to proteolyze and self-amplify. An example of this is the C5 convertase (C3b+ C3 convertase).

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13
Q

What is the central compliment factor?

A

C3 convertase

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14
Q

What are the main results of compliment activation?

A

Basically Mediate inflammation.

Inc Vascular permeability

Arachadonic acid metabolism

Activate WBC adhesion

Enhance phagocytosis MAC

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15
Q

What protects host tissue from activated compliment?

A

Inhibitors such as C1 inhibitor.

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16
Q

What is the role of the clotting factor XII in inflammation?

A

Activates the Kinin System ->bradykinin->dialation and inc perm

Also activates the compliment, fibronlytic and coagulation systems.

17
Q

What are the effects of bradykinin as they pertain to inflammation?

A

Bradykinin->dialation and inc vascular perm

18
Q

What are some of the factors that antagonize or diminish inflammation

A

Lipoxins

Compliment regulatory proteins (c1 inhibitor)

IL-10 TGF-B

19
Q

Are lipoxins pro or anti inflammatory?

A

Anti-inflammatory. They antagonize leukotrienes.

20
Q

List three compliment pathways and their triggers that lead to the formation of the central compliment factor.

A
  1. Classical: C1 fixation to antibody complex
  2. Alternative: Microbe wall combines with Factors B and D
  3. Lectin:Lextin binds microbial mannose ->classical pathway
21
Q

Which compliment component(s) is/are associated with opsonization?

A

C3b

22
Q

Which compliment component(s) is/are associated with enhanced vascular permiability?

A

C3a and C5a

23
Q

Which compliment component(s) is/are associated with chemotaxis?

A

C3a-C5a

24
Q

Which compliment component(s) from the MAC?

A

C5-C9

25
Q

Which compliment component(s) is/are associated with arachidonic acid metabolism?

A

C5a

26
Q

Which inflammatory cytokines induce systemic effects of inflammation?

A

TNF and IL-1

27
Q

Which vasoactive amine is responsible for vasoconstriction to aid in clot formation?

A

Serotonin

DND Unit 2 (15 decks)

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