Cell and Tissue Damage

Question 1

What are the 4 types of adaptations our bodies use?

Answer 1

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia

Question 2

What are the two reversible morphological changes in Cell injury?

Answer 2

1. Swelling caused by ion imbalance

2. Fatty Change- accumulation of lipid vacuoles in cytoplasm

Question 3

What are the nuclear changes associated with irreversible injury? Cellular?

Answer 3

1. Pyknosis (nuclear shrinking and basophilia)
2. Karyorrhexis (fragmentation of nuc)
3. Karyolysis (nuc dissolution)

Cellular= Proteolysis and cytoskeletal breakdown

Question 4

What are the intracellular changes associated with reversible injury?

Answer 4

Swelling of Plasma, ER, Nuclear, and Mitochondrial Membranes.

Question 5

6 Types of tissue necrosis

Answer 5

1. Coagulative 2. Liquefactive
2. Caseous 4. Fat
3. Fibrinoid 6. Gangrenous

Question 6

Describe coagulative necrosis

Answer 6

Clot in vessels causes tissue death.
“Ghost like” pale appearance of tissue.

Classically seen with myocardial infarction.

Question 7

What usually causes liquefactive necrosis?

Answer 7

Proteolytic enzymes digest tissue.

Bacterial or fungal infections.

Also Hypoxia in the CNS

Question 8

What disease is associated with caseous necrosis?

Answer 8

TB

Question 9

When does Fat necrosis occur?

Answer 9

Following acute pancreatitis or trauma.
Fats hydrolyzed.
Leaves a chalky gray material behind.

Question 10

What are the hallmarks of fibrinoid necrosis?

Answer 10

Bright pink staining on H and E slide. Caused when complexes of antigens and antibodies are deposited in arterial walls.

Question 11

Which types of tissues are most resistant against ischemic injury?

Answer 11

Tissues with greater glycolytic capacity.
ie Skeletal Muscle.

NERVES DIE SUPER FAST

Question 12

Order the following in decreasing susceptibility of ischemic injury.
Neuron, soft tissue, skin or Skeletal muscle
Cardiac myocytes, hepatocytes etc.

Answer 12

Most

Neurons
Cardiac myocytes, hepatocytes
SK muscle, Soft tissue, skin

Least

Question 13

What are the 2 pathways for ROS generation?

Answer 13

1. Mitochondrial respiration

2. Phagocytotic leukocytes (respiratory burst)

Question 14

Three important sites of defects in membrane permeability.

Answer 14

1. Mitochondria
2. PM
3. Lysosome

Question 15

BCL2 is involved in…

Answer 15

Mitochondrial Apoptosis

Question 16

Which type of calcification occurs in dead or dying tissues?

Dystrophic or Metastatic?

Answer 16

Dystrophic- occurs in degenerating or necrotic tissues.

Metastatic calcification is deposition of calcium salts in otherwise normal tissue