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dnd unit 2 > Acute and Chronic Inflamation > Flashcards

Acute and Chronic Inflamation Flashcards

1
Q

Compare and contrast acute vs chronic inflamation

A

Acute is Fast, mainly neutrophils, and prominent local and systemic signs. Transudate/exudate Chronic is slow, mono/macrophage, and less prominent local signs.

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2
Q

What are some stimuli for acute inflammation?

A

Infections Trauma Foreign Material Immune Reactions

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3
Q

True or False: TLRs are found mostly in the cytoplasm.

A

False. They are found on the PM and endosomes. TLR’s recognize microbial material

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4
Q

Inflammasomes ususally respond to:

A

Dead or damaged cells. May also respond to microbes.

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5
Q

What does the inflammasome activate?

A

Caspase 1->IL1B->inflammation

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6
Q

What effect does inflammation have on vasculature?

A
  1. Inc Blood flow 2. Inc Permiability
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7
Q

What are the 3 main mechanisms of vascular permeability?

A
  1. Endothelial cell contraction 2. Injury 3. Transcytosis
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8
Q

What is exudate and what are some of the characteristics?

A

Pus Exudate is THICK extravascular fluid caused by INC VASCULAR PERM. It has increased PROTEIN, CELL # and SPECIFIC GRAVITY

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9
Q

What is transudate and what are some of the characteristics?

A

Transudate is THIN extravascular fluid caused by INC HYDROSTATIC AND DEC ONCOTIC PRESSURES. Decreased cells, specific gravity and protein content. Caused by heart failure and liver disease

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10
Q

What protein is responsible for “rolling” of leukocytes.

A

P and E selectin

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11
Q

What protein is responsible for adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial wall.

A

Cell adhesion molecules (ICAM VCAM) and Integrins (CD18)

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12
Q

What protein is responsible for transmigration of leukocytes.

A

CD31

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13
Q

What does an activtated leukocyte do?

A
  1. Phagocytize 2. Kill engulfed material 3. Secrete material to kill 4. Pro-inflame mediators
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14
Q

What do opsonins do?

A

Coat microbes and allow them to be endocytosed.

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15
Q

What are the 3 outcomes of inflammation?

A
  1. Resolution 2. Chronic Inflamation 3. Scarring
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16
Q

True/False: Chronic inflammation is preceded by acute inflamation

A

False: It may be preceded by acute inflammation but that is not always the case. Ex autoimmune diseases->chronic inflame.

17
Q

Liver cirrhosis is an example of which type of inflamation outcome?

A

Scarring.

18
Q

What are some of the stimuli for chronic inflammation?

A
  1. Persistent infections 2. Immune mediated diseases/allergies 3. Prolonged exposure to toxins.
19
Q

What is the main phagocyte of the adaptive immune system?

A

Macrophage

20
Q

Which type of activation causes a Macrophage to be involved in new vessel growth? What are the signals involved?

A

Alternative (M2). IL-13 and IL-4 M1 is classical which is killing microbes. (INF-y)

21
Q

What do TH1, TH2, and TH17 CD4+ T lymphocytes do?

A

TH1- Acticates classical pathway TH2- Activates alternative TH18 Recruits neutrophils and monocytes

22
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

Enlarged macrophage surrounded by lymphocytes. Look for fibrosis.

23
Q

What are some diseases where granulomas are common?

A

Leprosy, TB, Crohn’s, Sarcoidosis

24
Q

Which signals are responsible for systemic inflammation?

A

TNF, IL-1, IL-6

25
Q

Pyrogens mediate _________

A

Fever (pyrexia) via the hypothalamus.

26
Q

What are two proteins that are clinically used to test for accute phase inflammation?

A

CRP (C-reactive protein) and SAA (serum amyloid A)

27
Q

Which type of Leukocyte would we expect to see increased in bacterial infections?

A

Elevated Neutrophil

28
Q

Classical signs of inflammation:

A
  1. Calor- Heat 2.Rubor- Redness 3.Tumor- Swelling 4. .Dolor- Pain
29
Q

Phagocytes degrade ingested material by _______ and _______.

A

ROS *

Myeloperoxidase:

*Coverts hydrogen peroxide & Cl2 into HCLO- radical Lysosomes

30
Q

Which type of Leukocyte would we expect to see increased in viral infections?

A

Inc Lymphocytes

31
Q

Identify common causes for defective leukocyte function

A
  1. Chemotherapy causes secondary aplastic anemia 2. Diabetes 3. Inbred defects 4. Chédiak-Higashi- mutations in the proteins responsible for trafficking of organelles
32
Q

Identify the main processes of chronic inflammation.

A

1.Mononuclear cell infiltrate (lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes/macrophages) 2.Tissue Destruction 3.Repair

33
Q

___(cell signals)____ cause increased RELEASE of leukocytes from bone marrow. _______(cell signals)_______ causes increased PRODUCTION of leukocytes in bone marrow

A

TNF and IL-1 –> release (it makes sense if tissue is necrosing that we would want to release WBCs) CSF (colony stimulating factor)–> production

dnd unit 2 (15 decks)

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