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CVS Anatomy > Mediastinum & Pericardium > Flashcards

Mediastinum & Pericardium Flashcards

1
Q

Mention boundaries of mediastinum

A

A: sternum & costal cartilages
P: all thoracic vertebrae
S: thoracic inlet
I: diaphragm

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2
Q

Extension of transverse thoracic plane

A

From lower border of T4 to sternal angle

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3
Q

Mention anteriormost structures of mediastinum

A

Muscles: sternohyoid & sternothyroid

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4
Q

Mention the sup mediastinal vessels

A

Rt. & Lt. brachiocephalic veins, upper part of SVC

Arch of aorta, the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian

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5
Q

Mention nerves of mediastinum, & the one related to the viscera

A

Vagus, phrenic & cardiac plexus

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve related to trachea & esophagus

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6
Q

Boundaries of superior mediastinum

A

A: back of manubrium sterni
P: upper 4 T vertebrae
I: transverse thoracic plane
On sides: lung & pleurae

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7
Q

Boundaries of anterior mediastinum

A 
A: body of sternum
P: pericadium
S: sternal angle
I: diaphragm
On sides: the pleura & lung
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8
Q

Contents of anterior mediastinum

A

Remnant of thymus, superior & inferior sternopericardial ligaments, mediastinal brnaches of internal thoracic artery.

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9
Q

Level at which thymus ends

A

4th costal cartilage

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10
Q

The year in which thymus shows maximal growth

A

2nd year

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11
Q

Mention arterial supply & venous/lymph drainage if thymus

A

A: anterior intercostal & anterior mediastinal (internal thoracic art branches).
V: brachiocephalic, internal thiracic & inferior thyroid
L: parasternal, brachiocephalic & tracheobronchial LN

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12
Q

Boundaries of middle mediastinum

A 
A: ant med
P: post med
S: cont with sup med at sternal angle
I: diaphragm
On sides: lung & pleurae
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13
Q

Vessels found in middle medistinum

A
  1. Lower half of SVC, Uppermost part of IVC, termination of 4 pulmonary veins
  2. Ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk dividing into right & left pulmonary arteries.
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14
Q

Viscera of middle mediastinum

A

Tracheal bifurcation into two bronchi

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15
Q

Stuctures at sides of the pericardium

A

Phrenic nerve & pericardio-phrenic arteries

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16
Q

Boundaries of post med

A 
A: pericardium & diaphragm
P: lower 8 thoracic vertebrae
S: tranverse thoracic plane
I: Diaphragm
On sides: mediastinal pleura
17
Q

Vessels in post med

A
  1. Descending thoracic aorta & posterior intercostal arteries
  2. Azygos, hemiazygos & accessory hemiazygos veins
  3. Thoracic duct & posterior mediastinal LN
18
Q

Nerves of post med

A

Esophageal plexus & splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser & lowest)

19
Q

Mediastinitis can spread from …..

A

Deep neck infection into the thorax

20
Q

GB: Compression of vital structures of mediastinum

A

Lung tumour with enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes.

Aortic aneurysm

21
Q

Mention effects of compression of the following:

  1. SVC
  2. Left recuurent laryngeal nerve
  3. Trachea & main bronchi
  4. Esophagus
  5. Phrenic nerve
A
  1. Severe engorgement of veins of upper part of body
  2. Hoarseness of voice
  3. Dyspnea
  4. Dysphagia
  5. Hemidiaphragm
22
Q

Superior relations of fibrous pericardium

A

Pulmonary trunk, ascending aorta, SVC

23
Q

Inferior relation of fibrous pericardium

A

Separated by diaphragm from liver & fundus of stomach, base is pierced by IVC

24
Q

Lateral realtion of fibrous pericardium

A

Phrenic nerves & pericardio-phrenic vessels

25
Q

The fibrous pericardium is diractly related to thoracic wall at …. & ….

A

Lower left half of the sternum

Sternal ends of the left 4th & 5th intercostal spaces

26
Q

Mention the posterior relation of fibrous pericardium

A

T5-T8, separted from them by main bronchi, esophagus, esophageal plexus & descending thoracic aorta.

27
Q

Amount of pericardial fluid

A

15-50 ml

28
Q

Mention sinuses of the pericardium

A

The transverse & oblique sinuses of the pericardium

29
Q

Mention ant & post walls of transverse sinus

A

A: ascending aorta & pulmonary trunk
P: SVC & 2 atria

30
Q

Importance of transverse pericadial sinus

A

Gives space for distension of ascending aorta & pulmonary trunk during increased cardiac output & distension of right atrium during atrial filling.

31
Q

Describe ant & post walls of oblique pericadial sinus

A

A: back of left atrium
P: parietal pericadium lining fibrous pericardium

32
Q

Mention function of oblique sinus

A

Distension of left atrium during cardiac input

33
Q

Blood supply & venous drainage of pericadium

A

A: Pericardio-phrenic, musculo-phrenic & descending aorta
V: azygos system

34
Q

Define cardiac tamponade & treatment

A

Compression of the heart by accumulation of excess pericardial fluid, such that the thin-walled atria are compressed which interfere with filling of the heart
Pericardiocentesis

35
Q

Mention correct technique of pericardiocentesis

A

A needle is introduced to left of xiphoid process in an upward & backward direction at 45o angle in the 4th or 5th intercostal space, near sternum.

CVS Anatomy (11 decks)

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