mediastinum&heart (MCQS, FITB,TF) Flashcards
1
Q
The anterior mediastinum predominantly contains which of the following in children?
A. Heart
B. Trachea
C. Thymus
D. Esophagus
A
C
2
Q
Which of the following structures is NOT located in the middle mediastinum?
A. Heart and pericardium
B. Ascending aorta
C. Thoracic duct
D. Main pulmonary artery
A
C
3
Q
The posterior mediastinum houses all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Thoracic aorta
B. Trachea
C. Esophagus
D. Thoracic sympathetic trunk
A
B
4
Q
The thymus, which is prominent in the anterior mediastinum during childhood, gradually atrophies and is replaced by:
A. Muscle tissue
B. Fatty tissue
C. Cartilage
D. Bone
A
B
5
Q
The structure that lies within the middle mediastinum and is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body is the:
A. Heart
B. Lungs
C. Stomach
D. Spleen
A
A
6
Q
Which of the following nerves is mainly found in the posterior mediastinum?
A. Phrenic nerve
B. Vagus nerve
C. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
D. Intercostal nerve
A
B
7
Q
The anterior boundary of the middle mediastinum is formed by the:
A. Sternum
B. Pericardium
C. Vertebral column
D. Diaphragm
A
B
8
Q
The structure that transports lymph from the lower half of the body and the left upper half of the body through the posterior mediastinum is the:
A. Right lymphatic duct
B. Thoracic duct
C. Bronchomediastinal trunk
D. Intestinal trunk
A
B
9
Q
In adults, the thymus in the anterior mediastinum is usually:
A. Larger than in children
B. Atrophied and replaced by fat
C. The same size as in children
D. Absent
A
B
10
Q
The middle mediastinum contains all of the following great vessels EXCEPT:
A. Aorta
B. Pulmonary trunk
C. Brachiocephalic artery
D. Coronary arteries
A
C
11
Q
The posterior boundary of the posterior mediastinum is the:
A. Sternum
B. Pericardium
C. Vertebral column
D. Diaphragm
A
C
12
Q
The structure that lies anterior to the esophagus in the posterior mediastinum is the:
A. Thoracic aorta
B. Trachea
C. Azygos vein
D. Vagus nerve
A
B
13
Q
Which of the following is a structure present in the anterior mediastinum in some individuals?
A. Lymph nodes
B. Thyroid gland
C. Pancreas
D. Spleen
A
A
14
Q
The middle mediastinum is located between the:
A. Anterior and posterior mediastinum
B. Superior and inferior mediastinum
C. Lateral walls of the thorax
D. Diaphragm and the neck
A
A
15
Q
The structure that courses through the posterior mediastinum and is important for swallowing is the:
A. Trachea
B. Esophagus
C. Bronchus
D. Aorta
A
B
16
Q
The anterior mediastinum is separated from the middle mediastinum by the:
A. Pericardium
B. Vertebral column
C. Diaphragm
D. Thoracic duct
A
A
17
Q
The structure in the middle mediastinum that divides into right and left pulmonary arteries is the:
A. Aorta
B. Pulmonary trunk
C. Superior vena cava
D. Inferior vena cava
A
B
18
Q
Which of the following structures in the posterior mediastinum is a major artery?
A. Azygos vein
B. Hemiazygos vein
C. Thoracic aorta
D. Superior vena cava
A
C
19
Q
The thymus in the anterior mediastinum is derived from which embryonic structures?
A. First pharyngeal pouch
B. Second pharyngeal pouch
C. Third pharyngeal pouch
D. Fourth pharyngeal pouch
A
C
20
Q
The middle mediastinum contains the:
A. Thoracic duct
B. Esophagus
C. Phrenic nerves
D. Thoracic sympathetic trunk
A
C
21
Q
The posterior mediastinum extends from the:
A. T1 to T4 vertebrae
B. T4 to T12 vertebrae
C. T1 to T12 vertebrae
D. C7 to T12 vertebrae
A
B
22
Q
Which of the following is NOT present in the anterior mediastinum?
A. Thymic remnants
B. Fatty tissue
C. Trachea
D. Some lymph nodes
A
C
23
Q
The heart and its associated structures are located in the:
A. Anterior mediastinum
B. Middle mediastinum
C. Posterior mediastinum
D. Superior mediastinum
A
B
24
Q
The structure in the posterior mediastinum that drains blood from the thoracic wall is the:
A. Azygos vein
B. Pulmonary veins
C. Superior vena cava
D. Inferior vena cava
A
A
25
The anterior mediastinum is bounded anteriorly by the:
A. Vertebral column
B. Pericardium
C. Sternum and costal cartilages
D. Diaphragm
C
26
Which of the following chambers of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?
A. Right atrium
B. Left atrium
C. Right ventricle
D. Left ventricle
B
27
The valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle is the:
A. Mitral valve
B. Aortic valve
C. Tricuspid valve
D. Pulmonary valve
C
28
The outer layer of the heart wall is known as the:
A. Endocardium
B. Myocardium
C. Epicardium
D. Pericardium
C
29
The pericardium is composed of:
A. A single layer of tissue
B. Two layers: a fibrous outer layer and a serous inner layer
C. Three layers: an outer, middle, and inner layer
D. Four layers: two fibrous and two serous layers
B
30
The heart muscle itself is supplied with blood by the:
A. Pulmonary arteries
B. Coronary arteries
C. Aorta
D. Vena cava
B
31
The left ventricle pumps blood into the:
A. Pulmonary artery
B. Aorta
C. Superior vena cava
D. Inferior vena cava
B
32
Which of the following is the natural pacemaker of the heart?
A. Atrioventricular node
B. Bundle of His
C. Sinoatrial node
D. Purkinje fibers
C
33
The valve that prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle is the:
A. Mitral valve
B. Tricuspid valve
C. Pulmonary valve
D. Aortic valve
D
34
The pericardial cavity contains a small amount of:
A. Air
B. Blood
C. Pericardial fluid
D. Lymph
C
35
The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the:
A. Lungs
B. Brain
C. Liver
D. Kidneys
A
36
The inner lining of the heart chambers is called the:
A. Epicardium
B. Myocardium
C. Endocardium
D. Pericardium
C
37
The middle layer of the heart, responsible for its pumping action, is the:
A. Endocardium
B. Myocardium
C. Epicardium
D. Pericardium
B
38
The veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart are the:
A. Pulmonary veins
B. Pulmonary arteries
C. Coronary veins
D. Vena cava
A
39
The heart is located in the:
A. Pleural cavity
B. Peritoneal cavity
C. Mediastinum
D. Abdominal cavity
C
40
The vagus nerve supplies which type of innervation to the heart?
A. Sympathetic
B. Parasympathetic
C. Somatic
D. Sensory only
B
41
The tricuspid valve has how many cusps?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
C
42
The layer of the pericardium that is in direct contact with the heart is the:
A. Fibrous pericardium
B. Parietal pericardium
C. Visceral pericardium
D. Serous pericardium
C
43
The bundle of His divides into:
A. Right and left atrioventricular bundles
B. Right and left bundle branches
C. Anterior and posterior fascicles
D. Superior and inferior fascicles
B
44
The pericardial cavity contains a small amount of:
A. Air
B. Blood
C. Pericardial fluid
D. Lymph
C
44
Which of the following chambers of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?
A. Left atrium
B. Right atrium
C. Left ventricle
D. Right ventricle
B
45
The mitral valve is also known as the:
A. Bicuspid valve
B. Tricuspid valve
C. Pulmonary valve
D. Aortic valve
A
46
The main function of the pericardium is to:
A. Generate electrical impulses for the heart
B. Pump blood throughout the body
C. Protect the heart and reduce friction during its movements
D. Filter blood
C
47
The Purkinje fibers are located in the:
A. Atria
B. Ventricles
C. Pericardium
D. Coronary arteries
B
48
The heart muscle contracts in response to electrical impulses. Which of the following structures is responsible for the rapid spread of these impulses throughout the ventricles?
A. Sinoatrial node
B. Atrioventricular node
C. Bundle of His
D. Purkinje fibers
D
49
The coronary sinus drains deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle into the:
A. Left atrium
B. Right atrium
C. Left ventricle
D. Right ventricle
B
50
The pulmonary valve is located between the:
A. Right atrium and right ventricle
B. Left atrium and left ventricle
C. Right ventricle and pulmonary artery
D. Left ventricle and aorta
C
51
The anterior mediastinum is located between the sternum and the ________
pericardium
52
The thymus is a prominent structure in the __________ mediastinum in children.
anterior
53
The __________ mediastinum contains the heart, great vessels, and pericardium.
middle
54
The esophagus is primarily located in the __________ mediastinum.
posterior
55
The thoracic aorta runs through the __________ mediastinum
posterior
56
The phrenic nerves are found in the __________ mediastinum.
middle
57
The azygos vein is located in the __________ mediastinum.
posterior
58
The anterior mediastinum may contain some __________ nodes.
lymph
59
The __________ is responsible for pumping blood and is located in the middle mediastinum.
heart
60
The pulmonary trunk, which divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries, is in the __________ mediastinum.
middle
61
The posterior boundary of the anterior mediastinum is the __________.
pericardium
62
The trachea is located in the __________ mediastinum until it bifurcates.
superior
63
The __________ duct, which drains lymph from most of the body, passes through the posterior mediastinum.
thoracic
64
. The anterior mediastinum in adults is often filled with __________ tissue.
fatty
65
The structures in the __________ mediastinum are surrounded by the pericardial sac.
middle
66
The esophagus passes through the diaphragm at the level of the __________ mediastinum.
posterior
67
The __________ arteries supply blood to the heart and are located in the middle mediastinum.
coronary
68
The posterior mediastinum is bounded posteriorly by the __________.
vertebral column
69
The thymus in the anterior mediastinum is derived from the __________ pharyngeal pouch.
third
70
The superior vena cava empties into the right atrium and is located in the __________ mediastinum.
middle
71
The __________ mediastinum contains the thoracic sympathetic trunk.
posterior
72
The inferior vena cava, which returns blood to the heart, is located in the __________ mediastinum.
middle (primarily, as it passes through the diaphragm and enters the heart which is in the middle mediastinum)
73
The anterior mediastinum is important for the development of __________ cells.
T - lymphocytes (since the thymus, which is in the anterior mediastinum, is crucial for T - cell maturation)
74
The __________ veins drain the lungs and are located in the middle mediastinum.
pulmonary
75
The posterior mediastinum contains the __________ nerve, which is important for innervating the esophagus.
vagus
76
. The heart is located in the __________ between the two lungs.
mediastinum
77
The pericardium is composed of an outer __________ layer and an inner serous layer.
fibrous
78
The heart has four chambers: two upper __________ and two lower ventricles
atria
79
The __________ valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
mitral
80
The right ventricle pumps blood through the __________ valve into the pulmonary artery.
pulmonary
81
The heart is made up of specialized muscle tissue called __________ muscle.
cardiac
82
The __________ layer of the heart is the outermost layer and is also known as the visceral pericardium.
epicardium
83
The inner lining of the heart chambers is called the __________
endocardium
84
The __________ artery supplies oxygen - rich blood to the heart muscle itself.
coronary
85
The pericardial cavity contains a small amount of __________ fluid, which reduces friction during heart contractions.
pericardial
86
The __________ atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava.
right
87
The __________ ventricle has a thicker muscular wall than the right ventricle because it pumps blood to the entire body
left
88
The __________ nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to the heart, helping to regulate heart rate.
vagus
89
The __________ valve prevents backflow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle.
aortic
90
The __________ veins carry oxygen - rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
pulmonary
91
The middle layer of the heart, responsible for its pumping action, is the __________.
myocardium
92
The heart is surrounded by the __________, which provides protection and support.
pericardium
93
The __________ node, located in the right atrium, is the natural pacemaker of the heart.
Sinoatrial node
94
The __________ bundle branches carry electrical impulses through the ventricles, causing them to contract.
purkinje
95
. The __________ artery branches off the aorta and supplies blood to the head, neck, and upper limbs.
brachiocephalic
96
The __________ is a network of blood vessels that supplies the heart with nutrients and oxygen.
coronary circulation
97
The __________ pericardium is the layer that is in direct contact with the heart.
visceral
98
The __________ atrium pumps blood into the left ventricle.
left
99
The __________ valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
tricuspid
100
The __________ system, which includes the heart and blood vessels, is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.
cardiovascular
101
The anterior mediastinum contains the heart.
(False) The heart is located in the middle mediastinum.
102
The thymus is found in the anterior mediastinum.
TRUE
103
The middle mediastinum is posterior to the anterior mediastinum.
TRUE
104
The esophagus is located in the middle mediastinum.
(False) The esophagus is in the posterior mediastinum.
105
The thoracic aorta is part of the posterior mediastinum.
TRUE
106
The anterior mediastinum is mainly filled with air - filled spaces.
(False) It is filled with connective tissue, fat, and lymph nodes, among other structures.
107
The pericardium is located in the middle mediastinum.
TRUE
108
The phrenic nerve passes through the posterior mediastinum.
(False) The phrenic nerve passes through the middle mediastinum.
109
The azygos vein is in the anterior mediastinum.
(False) The azygos vein is in the posterior mediastinum.
110
The posterior mediastinum extends from the thoracic inlet to the diaphragm.
TRUE
111
The trachea is located entirely within the anterior mediastinum.
(False) The trachea is mainly in the superior mediastinum and extends into the middle mediastinum where it bifurcates.
112
The coronary arteries are found in the middle mediastinum
TRUE
113
The posterior mediastinum contains the sympathetic chain.
TRUE
114
The anterior mediastinum is important for the immune system due to the presence of the thymus.
TRUE
115
The lungs are located in the middle mediastinum.
(False) The lungs are outside the mediastinum, in the pleural cavities.
116
The inferior vena cava passes through the middle mediastinum.
TRUE
117
The lymph nodes in the anterior mediastinum are not involved in immune responses.
(False) They are involved in immune responses like any other lymph nodes.
118
The middle mediastinum contains the vagus nerve.
(False) The vagus nerve passes through the posterior and middle mediastinum, but it is not exclusive to the middle mediastinum.
119
The anterior mediastinum is posterior to the sternum.
TRUE
120
The thoracic duct is located in the middle mediastinum.
(False) The thoracic duct is in the posterior mediastinum.
121
The posterior mediastinum is anterior to the vertebral column.
(False) The posterior mediastinum is posterior to the heart and anterior to the vertebral column.
122
The heart is surrounded by the pericardium in the middle mediastinum.
TRUE
123
The pericardial cavity contains a small amount of __________ fluid, which reduces friction during heart contractions.
pericardial
123
. The anterior mediastinum contains large blood vessels that supply the brain.
(False) The large blood vessels that supply the brain are in the neck and the superior mediastinum, not the anterior mediastinum
124
The middle mediastinum is the largest of the three mediastinal compartments.
(False) There is no clear - cut answer as to which is the largest, but it is not a given that the middle mediastinum is the largest.
125
The posterior mediastinum contains the phrenic nerve.
(False) The phrenic nerve is mainly in the middle mediastinum.
126
The heart is located in the mediastinum between the two lungs.
TRUE
127
The pericardium is a tough, fibrous sac that completely surrounds the heart.
TRUE
128
The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
TRUE
129
The pericardium has no blood vessels or nerves.
(False) The pericardium has blood vessels and nerves that supply it.
130
The left ventricle pumps blood to the lungs.
(False) The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs. The left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.
131
The heart is made up of smooth muscle.
(False) The heart is made up of cardiac muscle.
132
The pericardial cavity is filled with air.
(False) The pericardial cavity is filled with pericardial fluid, which helps reduce friction as the heart beats.
133
The atria receive blood returning to the heart.
TRUE
134
The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart and is also part of the pericardium.
TRUE
135
. The mitral valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle
(False) The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle. The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle.
136
The heart has its own blood supply through the coronary arteries.
TRUE
137
The pericardium helps anchor the heart in place within the chest.
TRUE
138
The right atrium receives oxygen - rich blood from the lungs.
(False) The left atrium receives oxygen - rich blood from the lungs. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
139
The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart and is responsible for pumping action
TRUE
140
The pericardium can stretch easily to accommodate large changes in heart size.
(False) The pericardium is relatively inelastic and does not stretch easily, which can be a problem in cases of rapid heart enlargement.
141
The pulmonary veins carry deoxygenated blood.
(False) The pulmonary veins carry oxygen - rich blood from the lungs to the heart.
142
The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
TRUE
143
The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart and lines the chambers.
TRUE
144
The pericardium plays no role in protecting the heart from infection.
(False) The pericardium provides a physical barrier that helps protect the heart from infection.
145
The heart beats approximately 100,000 times a day.
TRUE
146
The coronary sinus drains deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle into the right atrium
TRUE
147
The pericardium is composed of a single layer of tissue.
(False) The pericardium has two layers: the fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium.
148
The left ventricle has a thicker muscular wall than the right ventricle.
(True) This is because the left ventricle needs to pump blood to the entire body, requiring more force.
149
The heart is innervated only by the sympathetic nervous system.
(False) The heart is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which regulate heart rate and contractility.
150
The pericardial fluid has a high viscosity to provide cushioning.
(False) The pericardial fluid has a low viscosity to allow smooth movement of the heart within the pericardium.
