superior mediastinum&diaphragm (FITB,TF,MCQS) Flashcards
1
Q
The superior mediastinum is located above the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra.
A
TRUE
2
Q
The thymus is always fully developed in adults and occupy a large portion of the superior mediastinum.
A
False. The thymus undergoes involution in adults and is much smaller
3
Q
The aortic arch is present in the superior mediastinum.
A
TRUE
4
Q
The superior vena cava passes through the superior mediastinum.
A
TRUE
5
Q
The phrenic nerves do not pass through the superior mediastinum.
A
(False. They pass through the superior mediastinum.)
6
Q
The trachea is located in the anterior part of the superior mediastinum.
A
(False. It is in the middle - anterior part, but not strictly the most anterior.)
7
Q
The esophagus is posterior to the trachea in the superior mediastinum.
A
TRUE
8
Q
The thoracic duct ascends through the superior mediastinum on the right side.
A
(False. It ascends on the left side.)
9
Q
The vagus nerves run through the superior mediastinum.
A
TRUE
10
Q
The brachiocephalic veins are formed in the superior mediastinum.
A
TRUE
11
Q
There are no lymph nodes in the superior mediastinum.
A
(False. There are many lymph nodes present.)
12
Q
The internal thoracic arteries are located within the superior mediastinum.
A
(False. They are located more laterally, outside the superior mediastinum proper.)
13
Q
The pericardium extends into the superior mediastinum.
A
TRUE
14
Q
The azygos vein arches over the root of the right lung in the superior mediastinum
A
TRUE
15
Q
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the ligamentum arteriosum in the superior mediastinum.
A
TRUE
16
Q
The sympathetic trunks are located within the superior mediastinum.
A
TRUE
17
Q
The costal cartilages are part of the superior mediastinum
A
TRUE
18
Q
The sternum overlies the anterior aspect of the superior mediastinum.
A
TRUE
19
Q
The inferior vena cava passes through the superior mediastinum.
A
(False. It passes through the inferior mediastinum and diaphragm.)
20
Q
The foramen magnum is related to the superior mediastinum.
A
(False. The foramen magnum is in the skull and is not related to the superior mediastinum.)
21
Q
The diaphragm is a dome - shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
A
TRUE
22
Q
The central tendon of the diaphragm is composed of skeletal muscle.
A
(False. It is a fibrous structure.)
23
Q
The diaphragm has three main openings: the aortic hiatus, the esophageal hiatus, and the vena caval foramen.
A
TRUE
24
Q
The phrenic nerve is the only nerve that innervates the diaphragm.
A
TRUE
25
The aortic hiatus transmits the aorta, thoracic duct, and azygos vein
TRUE
26
The esophageal hiatus is located at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra.
TRUE
27
The vena caval foramen allows the inferior vena cava to pass through the diaphragm.
TRUE
28
The diaphragm contracts during inspiration to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity.
TRUE
29
. The crura of the diaphragm attach to the lumbar vertebrae.
TRUE
30
The costal part of the diaphragm arises from the lower six ribs.
TRUE
31
here are no lymphatics in the diaphragm.
(False. There are lymphatic vessels in the diaphragm.)
32
The diaphragm receives blood supply from the phrenic arteries.
TRUE
33
The left phrenic nerve passes through the vena caval foramen.
(False. Only the right phrenic nerve has a branch that passes through the vena caval foramen.)
34
The diaphragm is involved in forced expiration
. (False. It is mainly involved in inspiration; forced expiration involves other muscles.)
35
The esophageal hiatus is surrounded by a muscular ring that can prevent reflux.
TRUE
36
The diaphragm can be affected by hernias.
(True, e.g., hiatal hernia.)
37
The central tendon of the diaphragm is the highest point of the diaphragm at rest
TRUE
38
. The diaphragm has a role in maintaining intra - abdominal pressure.
TRUE
39
The diaphragm is a smooth muscle.
(False. It is a skeletal muscle.)
40
The phrenic nerves arise from the cervical plexus.
TRUE
41
The aortic hiatus is the most posterior of the three main openings in the diaphragm.
TRUE
42
The vena caval foramen is at a higher level than the esophageal hiatus.
TRUE
43
The diaphragm relaxes during expiration to decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity.
TRUE
44
The costal and crural parts of the diaphragm have different actions.
(True. The costal part can flatten, and the crural part can tense.)
45
. The diaphragm has no role in coughing or sneezing.
(False. It helps in generating the pressure changes associated with these actions.)
46
The phrenic arteries are branches of the abdominal aorta.
TRUE
47
The central tendon of the diaphragm is continuous with the pericardium.
TRUE
48
The diaphragm can be paralyzed if the phrenic nerve is damaged.
TRUE
49
The right crus of the diaphragm is shorter than the left crus.
(False. The left crus is usually shorter than the right.)
50
The diaphragm plays a role in vomiting
. (True. It helps in the coordinated effort to expel stomach contents.)
51
The superior mediastinum is bounded anteriorly by the ________.
Sternum
52
The ________ is a gland in the superior mediastinum that is important in immune function.
thymus
53
The aortic arch gives off three major branches: the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the ________.
left subclavian artery
54
The ________ vein is formed by the union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins.
superior vena cava
55
The trachea lies ________ to the esophagus in the superior mediastinum.
anterior
56
The thoracic duct ascends through the superior mediastinum on the ________ side.
left
57
The phrenic nerves pass through the superior mediastinum to innervate the ________.
diaphragm
58
The vagus nerves in the superior mediastinum give off branches to the heart, lungs, and ___
esophagus
59
The ________ artery supplies blood to the thymus and other structures in the superior mediastinum.
internal thoracic artery, via its branches
60
The azygos vein arches over the root of the right lung and drains into the ________.
superior vena cava
61
. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the ________ in the superior mediastinum.
ligamentum arteriosum
62
The ________ nodes are present in the superior mediastinum and are involved in lymphatic drainage.
mediastinal lymph nodes
63
The esophagus passes through the posterior part of the superior mediastinum on its way to the__
stomach
64
The pericardium, which encloses the heart, extends into the ________ part of the superior mediastinum.
lower
65
The ________ is a thin - walled structure in the superior mediastinum that carries air to the lungs.
trachea
66
The diaphragm is a ________ - shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
dome
67
The central tendon of the diaphragm is a ________ structure.
fibrous
68
The diaphragm has three main openings: the aortic hiatus, the esophageal hiatus, and the__
vena cava foramen
69
The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm and arises from the ________ plexus
cervical
70
The aortic hiatus transmits the aorta, the thoracic duct, and the ________ vein
azygos
71
The esophageal hiatus is located at the level of the ________ thoracic vertebra.
10th
72
The vena caval foramen allows the ________ to pass through the diaphragm
inferior vena cava
73
During inspiration, the diaphragm ________ to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity. (
contract
74
.The crura of the diaphragm attach to the ________ vertebrae.
lumbar
75
The costal part of the diaphragm arises from the lower ________ ribs.
six
76
The diaphragm receives blood supply from the ________ arteries.
phrenic
77
The right phrenic nerve passes through the ________ foramen.
vena cava
78
The left phrenic nerve passes ________ to the heart before reaching the diaphragm.
lateral
79
The ________ hiatus is surrounded by a muscular ring that helps prevent reflux.
esophageal
80
The central tendon of the diaphragm is the ________ point of the diaphragm at rest.
highest
81
The diaphragm plays a role in maintaining ________ pressure.
intra abdominal
82
The diaphragm is involved in actions such as coughing, sneezing, and _______
vomiting
83
The phrenic arteries are branches of the ________ aorta.
abdominal
84
The central tendon of the diaphragm is continuous with the ________.
pericardium
85
Damage to the phrenic nerve can cause ________ of the diaphragm.
paralysis
86
The left crus of the diaphragm is usually ________ than the right crus.
shorter
87
The diaphragm helps in the process of ________ by creating pressure changes in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
respiration
88
The ________ part of the diaphragm contracts more during deep inspiration.
costal
89
The crural part of the diaphragm can ________ to help maintain the position of the diaphragm.
tense
90
The diaphragm is a ________ muscle, not a smooth muscle.
skeletal
91
The aortic hiatus is the most ________ of the three main openings in the diaphragm.
posterior
92
The vena caval foramen is at a ________ level than the esophageal hiatus.
higher
93
During expiration, the diaphragm ________ to decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity.
relaxes
94
The costal and crural parts of the diaphragm work together to produce a coordinated ________ of the diaphragm.
movements
95
The diaphragm can be affected by hernias, such as a ________ hernia.
hiatal
96
The diaphragm has a role in preventing the upward movement of the abdominal organs into the ________ cavity.
thoracic
97
The phrenic nerve provides both motor and ________ innervation to the diaphragm.
sensory
98
The diaphragm is attached to the ________ of the thoracic cage.
inner surface
99
The ________ of the diaphragm can be seen on a chest X - ray.
outline
100
The diaphragm is an important muscle for maintaining proper ________ and abdominal function.
respiratory
101
1-The superior mediastinum is bounded superiorly by the:
A. Thoracic inlet
B. Diaphragm
C. Pericardium
D. Sternum
A
102
-Which of the following structures is NOT found in the superior mediastinum?
A. Trachea
B. Esophagus
C. Heart
D. Thymus
C
103
The thymus is located in the:
A. Anterior part of the superior mediastinum
B. Posterior part of the superior mediastinum
C. Middle part of the superior mediastinum
D. Lateral part of the superior mediastinum
A
104
The trachea in the superior mediastinum lies:
A. Anterior to the esophagus
B. Posterior to the esophagus
C. To the left of the esophagus
D. To the right of the esophagus
A
105
The aortic arch is located in the:
A. Superior mediastinum
B. Inferior mediastinum
C. Anterior mediastinum
D. Posterior mediastinum
A
106
The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the union of the:
A. Internal jugular and subclavian veins
B. External jugular and subclavian veins
C. Internal jugular and axillary veins
D. External jugular and axillary veins
A
107
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the:
A. Aortic arch
B. Pulmonary artery
C. Subclavian artery
D. Brachiocephalic trunk
A
108
The phrenic nerve passes through the:
A. Superior mediastinum
B. Middle mediastinum
C. Inferior mediastinum
D. All of the above
D (It passes through the superior and middle mediastinum on its way to the diaphragm.)
109
The vagus nerve in the superior mediastinum gives off branches to the:
A. Heart
B. Lungs
C. Esophagus
D. All of the above
D
110
The thoracic duct ascends through the posterior mediastinum and enters the:
A. Left subclavian vein
B. Right subclavian vein
C. Left brachiocephalic vein
D. Right brachiocephalic vein
C
111
The esophagus in the superior mediastinum is in close proximity to the:
A. Vertebral column
B. Trachea
C. Aorta
D. All of the above
D
112
The superior vena cava is formed by the union of the:
A. Two brachiocephalic veins
B. Two subclavian veins
C. Two internal jugular veins
D. Two external jugular veins
A
113
The azygos vein drains into the:
A. Superior vena cava
B. Inferior vena cava
C. Right atrium
D. Left atrium
A
114
The sympathetic trunks are located in the:
A. Anterior mediastinum
B. Middle mediastinum
C. Posterior mediastinum
D. Superior mediastinum
C (They run through the posterior mediastinum, but also extend into the superior mediastinum.)
115
The internal thoracic artery is a branch of the:
A. Subclavian artery
B. Axillary artery
C. Brachiocephalic trunk
D. Aorta
A
116
-The thymus reaches its maximum size during:
A. Infancy
B. Childhood
C. Adolescence
D. Adulthood
C
117
The left brachiocephalic vein is longer than the right because it:
A. Has to cross the midline
B. Drains a larger area
C. Is more tortuous
D. Is closer to the heart
A
118
The trachea bifurcates into the left and right main bronchi at the level of the:
A. Manubriosternal joint
B. Xiphoid process
C. Fourth thoracic vertebra
D. Seventh cervical vertebra
A
119
The lymph nodes in the superior mediastinum drain lymph from the:
A. Head and neck
B. Thoracic wall
C. Lungs
D. All of the above
D
120
The phrenic nerve is formed from the:
A. Cervical plexus
B. Brachial plexus
C. Lumbar plexus
D. Sacral plexus
A
121
The diaphragm is a:
A. Muscular sheet
B. Fibrous membrane
C. Cartilaginous structure
D. Bony structure
A
122
The central tendon of the diaphragm is attached to the:
A. Xiphoid process
B. Costal cartilages
C. Lumbar vertebrae
D. All of the above
D (It has attachments to the xiphoid process, costal cartilages of the lower ribs, and lumbar vertebrae via the crura.)
123
The diaphragm has openings for the:
A. Aorta
B. Inferior vena cava
C. Esophagus
D. All of the above
D
124
The aortic hiatus in the diaphragm is located at the level of the:
A. T8 vertebra
B. T10 vertebra
C. T12 vertebra
D. L1 vertebra
C
125
The esophageal hiatus is located at the level of the:
A. T8 vertebra
B. T10 vertebra
C. T12 vertebra
D. L1 vertebra
B
126
The opening for the inferior vena cava in the diaphragm is located at the level of the:
A. T8 vertebra
B. T10 vertebra
C. T12 vertebra
D. L1 vertebra
A
127
The diaphragm is innervated by the:
A. Phrenic nerve
B. Vagus nerve
C. Intercostal nerves
D. Subcostal nerve
A
128
Contraction of the diaphragm causes:
A. Inspiration
B. Expiration
C. Increase in intra - abdominal pressure
D. Decrease in intrathoracic pressure
A (Contraction of the diaphragm leads to its descent, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and causing inspiration. It also causes a decrease in intrathoracic pressure and an increase in intra - abdominal pressure, but the main effect related to breathing is inspiration.)
129
The crura of the diaphragm are attached to the:
A. Lumbar vertebrae
B. Thoracic vertebrae
C. Sacrum
D. Coccyx
A
130
The diaphragm helps in maintaining the position of the:
A. Heart
B. Lungs
C. Abdominal organs
D. All of the above
D
131
-The sternal part of the diaphragm arises from the:
A. Xiphoid process
B. Body of the sternum
C. Manubrium of the sternum
D. Costal cartilages
A
132
The costal part of the diaphragm arises from the:
A. Lower six ribs and their costal cartilages
B. Upper six ribs and their costal cartilages
C. Lower four ribs and their costal cartilages
D. Upper four ribs and their costal cartilages
A
133
The phrenic nerve supplies motor fibers to the diaphragm and also carries:
A. Sensory fibers from the diaphragm
B. Sympathetic fibers to the diaphragm
C. Parasympathetic fibers to the diaphragm
D. All of the above
A
134
The diaphragm separates the:
A. Thoracic and abdominal cavities
B. Right and left pleural cavities
C. Pericardial and pleural cavities
D. Anterior and posterior mediastinum
A
135
-The muscular part of the diaphragm is thicker in the:
A. Peripheral part
B. Central part
C. Anterior part
D. Posterior part
A
136
The central tendon of the diaphragm is:
A. Triangular in shape
B. Quadrilateral in shape
C. Circular in shape
D. Irregular in shape
A
137
-The diaphragm plays a role in:
A. Breathing
B. Maintaining postural stability
C. Increasing intra - abdominal pressure during activities like defecation and childbirth
D. All of the above
D
138
The left crus of the diaphragm is longer than the right because it:
A. Surrounds the esophagus
B. Attaches to more vertebrae
C. Is closer to the heart
D. Has a different function
A
139
The left crus of the diaphragm is longer than the right because it:
A. Surrounds the esophagus
B. Attaches to more vertebrae
C. Is closer to the heart
D. Has a different function
A
140
The diaphragm is involved in the prevention of:
A. Gastroesophageal reflux
B. Hernia
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
C
141
The subcostal nerves provide some sensory innervation to the:
A. Peripheral part of the diaphragm
B. Central part of the diaphragm
C. Anterior part of the diaphragm
D. Posterior part of the diaphragm
A
142
The movement of the diaphragm is coordinated with the:
A. Rib cage movement
B. Abdominal muscle movement
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
C
143
-The diaphragm can be affected by:
A. Trauma
B. Disease
C. Surgical procedures
D. All of the above
D
144
The phrenic nerve passes through the diaphragm at the:
A. Foramen venae cavae
B. Esophageal hiatus
C. Aortic hiatus
D. None of the above
D
145
-The diaphragm can be strengthened by:
A. Exercise
B. Breathing exercises
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
C
146
The inferior vena cava passes through the diaphragm at an angle to:
A. Accommodate the position of the heart
B. Avoid compression
C. Allow for better blood flow
D. All of the above
D
147
The esophagus passes through the diaphragm at an angle to:
A. Prevent reflux
B. Accommodate the curvature of the esophagus
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
C
148
The aortic hiatus is formed by the:
A. Crura of the diaphragm
B. Vertebral column
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
C
149
-The diaphragm is a major muscle in the process of:
A. Coughing
B. Sneezing
C. Laughing
D. All of the above
D
150
The central tendon of the diaphragm is more:
A. Elastic than the muscular part
B. Muscular than the peripheral part
C. Rigid than the muscular part
D. Flexible than the peripheral part
A
