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Anatomy Exam 2 > Mediastinum > Flashcards

Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

The mediastinum is divided by an imaginary plane that runs from…

A

the sternal angle to the T4 vertebrae

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2
Q

Superior mediastinum is bounded…

A

anteriorly by the manubrium and posteriorly by vertebral bodies of T1-T4

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3
Q

Inferior mediastinum is bounded…

A

anteriorly by the body of the sternum and posteriorly by the vertebral bodies of the lower 8 thoracic vertebrae

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4
Q

The inferior mediastinum is divided into the…

A

anterior mediastinum

middle mediastinum

posterior mediastinum

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5
Q

anterior mediastinum is the space between

A

the pericardium and the sternum

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6
Q

middle mediastinum includes the…

A

pericardium and the heart

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7
Q

posterior mediastinum is the space between

A

pericardium and the vertebral column

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8
Q

the superior mediastinum contains

A

neural structures

vascular structures

respiratory structures

they pass from the adjacent region of the neck and abdomen via the inferior mediastinum

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9
Q

in children the superior mediastinum also contains

A

the thymus

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10
Q

The thymus contributes to the…

A

development and maintenance of the immune system

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11
Q

The thymus is most prominent in

A

childhood

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12
Q

the thymus involutes after puberty and is replaced by

A

fatty tissue

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13
Q

the thymus is located in the…

A

lower part of the neck and anterior part of the superior mediastinum

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14
Q

blood supply for the thymus

A

internal thoracic arteries

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15
Q

veinous drainage for the thymus

A

internal thoracic veins

brachiocephalic veins (innominate veins)

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16
Q

the thymus lies posterior to the _______ and in children can extend into the ___________

A

manubrium

anterior mediastinum to lie anterior to the pericardium

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17
Q

where would a tumor in the anterior mediastinum most likely be

A

the thymus

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18
Q

The great systemic blood vessels of the heart lie within the…

A

superior mediastinum

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19
Q

the main branches of the great blood vessels arise before passing through

A

the superior thoracic aperture

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20
Q

what are the 3 great vessels

A

Arch of the Aorta

Pulmonary Trunk

Superior Vena Cava

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21
Q

What tributaries of the superior vena cava are located within the superior mediastinum

A

Brachiocephalic Veins

left superior intercostal vein

Supreme intercostal vein

Azygos vein

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22
Q

Brachiocephalic veins drain blood from…

A

the upper body

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23
Q

left superior intercostal vein collects blood from…

A

the left 2nd and 3rd intercostal vein

drains into the left brachiocephalic vein

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24
Q

supreme intercostal vein drains…

A

the vein from the 1st intercostal space directly into brachiocephalic veins

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25
Q

Azygos vein receives blood from the…

A

right posterior intercostal veins

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26
Q

Superior Vena Cava returns blood from all structures…

A

superior to the diaphragm EXCEPT for the lungs and heart

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27
Q

Intercostal veins drain into the

A

azygous vein system

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28
Q

The hemiazygous vein and the accessory hemiazygous vein drain

A

drain across the verterbal column over to the azygous

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29
Q

the accessory hemiazygous and the hemiaxygous vein collect blood from

A

the left intercostal veins

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30
Q

brachiocephalic artery is only on

A

the right side

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31
Q

The hemiazygos vein runs

A

superiorly in the lower thoracic region to the left side of the vertebral column

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32
Q

Accessory hemiazygos vein is formed by

A

the union of the 4th to 7th posterior intercostal veins

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33
Q

esophageal cancer can quickly spread to the lung by

A

draining into the azygos vein

azygos vein -> superior vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> get pumped out by the pulmonary artery into the lung

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34
Q

The pulmonary trunk bifurcates into the

A

left and right pulmonary arteries

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35
Q

pulmonary trunk exits from the

A

right ventricle

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36
Q

the pulmonary trunk is situated…

A

initially anterior to the aorta it moves medially and posteriorly

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37
Q

The right pulmonary artery passes posterior to the

A

ascending aorta

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38
Q

the 3 major branches of the aortic arch arise with the…

A

superior mediastinum

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38
Q

the aorta begins with the…

A

ascending aorta at the aortic orifice of the left ventricle

39
Q

what are the 3 major branches of the aortic arch?

A

Brachiocephalic artery

Left common carotid

Left subclavian artery

40
Q

Brachiocephalic artery supplies

A

right side of the head and neck

right upper limb

41
Q

left common carotid artery supplies

A

left side of the head and neck

42
Q

Left subclavian artery supplies

A

left upper limb

43
Q

vessel components of the superior mediastinum

A

left common carotid artery

left and right recurrent laryngeal nerve

left internal jugular vein

left subclavian vein

left subclavian artery

anterior scalene

right phrenic nerve

Brachiocephalic trunk

44
Q

what are the 4 types of aneurysms of the aorta

A

ascending aorta aneurysm

aortic arch aneurysm

descending aorta aneurysm

abdominal aorta aneurysm

45
Q

what aortic aneurysms are an issue in terms of nerve compression

A

ascending aorta aneurysm

aortic arch aneurysm

descending aorta aneurysm

46
Q

what are the branches of the vagus nerve?

A

Right vagus nerve

Left vagus nerve

right recurrent laryngeal nerve

left recurrent laryngeal nerve

47
Q

the vagus nerve has 2 distinct paths (name them)

A

right vagus nerve

left vagus nerve

48
Q

the right vagus nerve runs…

A

parallel to the trachea and passes posteriorly to the superior vena cava and right primary bronchus

49
Q

the left vagus nerve enters the…

A

superior mediastinum between the left common carotid and the left subclavian arteries

descends anteriorly to the aortic arch before traveling posterior to the left bronchus

50
Q

If there is a tumor in the anterior mediastinum, where is it most likely to be?

A

the thymus

51
Q

the right recurrent laryngeal hooks around the…

A

right subclavian artery and ascends between the trachea and esophagus to supple the larynx

52
Q

the left recurrent laryngeal nerve arises from the…

A

left vagus nerve as it passes the aortic arch it loops under the arch to the left of the ligamentum arteriosum before going to the tracheal esophageal groove in the larynx

53
Q

vagus nerve travels through the neck with the…

A

internal jugular veins and the common carotid arteries

54
Q

the right and left vagus nerves give off…

A

parasympathetic branches that contribute to the cardiac and pulmonary plexuses

55
Q

When the vagus nerves pass behind the main bronchi they converge to form what?

A

esophageal plexus

56
Q

Superior to the diaphragm the plexus gives rise to

A

two vagal trunks

posterior and anterior

57
Q

the right recurrent laryngeal nerve does NOT

A

enter the mediastinum

58
Q

The right recurrent laryngeal nerve is spatially related to the

A

apex of the right lung

59
Q

the right recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around the

A

right subclavian artery

60
Q

the left recurrent laryngeal nerve hooks around the

A

aortic arch

61
Q

the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is spatially related to the lymph nodes of the

A

aortic arch

62
Q

injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerves can result in

A

unproductive cough

weakened voice

loss of voice

can cause problems in the respiratory tract

63
Q

what is the ligamentum arteriosum

A

fibrous remnant of the ductus arteriosus extending between the aortic arch and the pulmonary trunk

64
Q

what is the ductus arteriosus?

A

a fetal blood vessel that connects the left pulmonary artery to the descending aorta

65
Q

in utero the ductus arteriosus serves as a

A

bypass for the lungs

66
Q

Nerves in the superior mediastinum include

A

phrenic nerve

Cardiac nerves

67
Q

the phrenic nerve sits on what muscle

A

anterior scalene muscle

68
Q

the phrenic nerves enter the

A

superior mediastinum lateral to the great vessels and descend anteriorly into the middle mediastinum passing anteriorly to the hilum of the lung

(if you can make this card better pls do info on slide 25)
(i have no idea what is happening)

69
Q

the phrenic nerve supplies motor innervation to the?

A

diaphragm

70
Q

the phrenic nerve supplies sensory innervation to the

A

mediastinal pleura

diaphragmatic pleura

71
Q

Cardiac nerves originate from the

A

superior middle and inferior cardiac ganglia

72
Q

cardiac nerves form the superficial and deep

A

cardiac plexuses

73
Q

the cardiac plexuses are located in the

A

superior mediastinum

74
Q

the superficial plexus sits between the

A

aortic arch and right pulmonary vein

75
Q

the deep plexus lies on the surface of the

A

trachea at the point of bifurcation

76
Q

sympathetic trunk runs…

A

bilaterally to the vertebral bodies along the entire length of the vertebral column

77
Q

the trachea is what to the esophagus

A

anterior

78
Q

the posterior surface of the trachea is…

A

flat

79
Q

the trachea ends at the…

A

sternal angle

80
Q

the posterior mediastinum includes

A

thoracic aorta

esophagus

thoracic duct

81
Q

the thoracic aorta beings at the…

A

inferior border of t4

82
Q

the thoracic aorta descends on the

A

left side of T5-T12 vertebrae

83
Q

the thoracic aorta becomes the ______ once it passes through the aortic hiatus

A

abdominal aorta

84
Q

the thoracic aorta supplies

A

intercostal spaces and thoracic viscera

85
Q

esophagus is what to the arch of the aorta

A

posterior

86
Q

what is the thoracic duct

A

the largest lymphatic channel in the body

87
Q

where does the thoracic duct orginate

A

cisterna chyli and ascends through the posterior and superior mediastina

88
Q

what does the thoracic duct drain into

A

the union of the left internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein

89
Q

the thoracic duct drains lymph from the whole body EXCEPT

A

the right side of the head and neck

right side of the thorax

upper surface of the liver

90
Q

the right jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks enter the veins on the right side of the neck as the…

A

right lymphatic duct

91
Q

The superficial tissues drain lymph into the

A

axillary and internal thoracic nodes

92
Q

the deep tissues drain lymph into the

A

internal thoracic node

intercostal node

diaphragmatic node

(then subsequently into the thoracic duct)

93
Q

the heart drains lymph into

A

lymphatic vessels that follow the coronary arteries

ultimately draining to the inferior tracheobronchial nodes

94
Q

home is where the heart is?!?!?

A

FALSE.

the middle mediastinum is where the heart is

(hehe you’re welcome for the comedic relief)

Anatomy Exam 2 (6 decks)

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