Lungs Flashcards
Anatomical components of respiratory system
Diaphragm, rib cage, intercostal muscle, abdominal muscle, elastic CT
What causes air to move in and out of the lungs?
pressure differences
Functions of respiratory system:
-conduct and conditions inspired air
-gas exchange between air and blood -olfaction
-phonation
-defense
When does development of the lungs begin?
Four weeks after fertilization
How many lobes of lung on the right side ?
3
How many lobes of lung on the left side?
2
What separates the right and left lungs?
heart and great vessels (middle mediastinum)
Sacs that the lungs are in:
pleural sacs
What holds the lungs in the medistinum?
lung root
What is the anterior border of the lungs?
where the costal and mediastinal surface meet anteriorly and overlap the heart
What is the posterior border of the lungs?
Where the costal and mediastinal surfaces meet posteriorly, broad and rounded
-has impressions of the ribs on the lungs
Fissure on the left lung:
oblique between the superior and inferior lobes
Fissures on the right lung:
Oblique between the middle and inferior lobes
horizontal between the superior and middle
2 unique features of the left lung
cardiac notch
lingula (similar to the middle lobe of the right lung )
What is the hilum of the lung?
area where the structures forming the root of the lung actually touch lung tissue
What is the pulmonary ligament?
Where the mediastinal pleura passes laterally from mediastinum to the visceral surface of the lung
Structures that form the root of the lung
Pulmonary arteries (superior)
main bronchi (posterior)
pulmonary veins (1 anterior and 1 inferior)
Structures that leave impressions on the right lung surface:
-azygous vein
-right brachiocephalic vein
-superior vena cava
-esophagus
-heart
Structures that leave impressions on the left lung surface:
-esophagus
-thoracic aorta
-left subclavian artery
-heart
Tissue that allow for the support to keep the trachea open:
C-shaped cartilaginous rings
What is the bronchial tree?
branching system of air tubes in each lung
Characteristics of right main bronchus:
2-3 cm branch arising form fork of trachea
-slightly wider and more vertical than the left
Where do most aspirated things end up?
Right main bronchus
Characteristics of left main bronchus:
about 5 cm long
-narrower and more horizontal than the right
How many right secondary bronchi?
3
-superior
-middle
-inferior
How many left secondary bronchi?
2
-superior and inferior
What tissue lines the primary bronchi?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What is a bronchopulmonary segment?
anatomical, functional, and surgical subdivision of the lungs
-each is surrounded by a thin septum
What drains the bronchopulmonary segments of the lungs?
intersegmental pulmonary veins
How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the superior lobe of the right lung?
3
How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the middle lobe of right lung?
2
How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the inferior lobe of right lung?
4
How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the superior lobe of left lung?
4
How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the inferior lobe of left lung?
4
Where are the most common locations of aspiration pneumonia following dental treatment?
superior segment of lower lobes
OR
posterior segment of RIGHT upper lobe
What is the primary site of gas exchange?
alveoli
Can some gas exchange occur in the respiratory bronchioles?
Yes
Where do pulmonary arteries run compared to bronchi?
parallel to bronchi
-anterior aspect of corresponding bronchus
What do bronchial arteries supply?
blood for nutrition of structures of the root of the lung, support tissues of the lungs, and visceral pleura
What does the venous return for the bronchi?
bronchial veins
What do the two left bronchial arteries arise from?
thoracic aorta
What do bronchial arteries anastomose with?
pulmonary arteries in the walls of the bronchioles
What does the right bronchial vein drain into?
azygos vein
What does the left bronchial vein drain into?
accessory hemizygos vein
parasympathetic innervation of the lungs:
vagus nerve
-secretion from bronchial glands, contraction of bronchial smooth muscle, and vasodilation
sympathetic innervation of the lungs:
thoracic splanchnic nerve from the sympathetic trucks
-relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels
How do visceral afferent/sensory of lungs work?
pain impulses to sensory ganglion of the vagus nerve
What do lymph nodes around bronchi pick up?
carbon, dust, and pollutants not filtered by the epithelium
Order of lymph node drainage:
pulmonary nodes-> bronchopulmonary nodes->tracheobronchial nodes –> L/R bronchomediastinal trunks
What is pneumonia?
infection of the alveoli
-viral, bacterial, fungal
-can include a segment of the entire lobe
-swelling of alveolar walls and fluid in alveolar space
-reduce capacity of gas exchange
What is emphysema?
smoking related disease
-main form of COPD
-loss of alveoli for gas exchange due to destruction of elastic tissue
-alveoli expand but cannot contract
What is the second most common malignancy after prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women?
lung cancer
Where does lung cancer originate?
epithelium
Symptoms of lung cancer:
-chronic cough, hemoptysis, excess pulmonary mucous, and increased infection
If there is one large tumor in the lung, what is it?
lung cancer
If there are a bunch of smaller masses in the lungs, what is it?
metates of other cancer type
Another name for brachiocephalic veins:
innominate
