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Anatomy Exam 2 > Heart & Great Vessels > Flashcards

Heart & Great Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

pericardium

A

a fibrous sac surrounding the heart and roots of the great vessels

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2
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

inelastic; very tough
fuses superiorly with the tunica adventitia of SVC, ascending aorta, and pulmonary arteries
fuses inferiorly with the central tendon of the diaphragm

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3
Q

what reinforces the pericardium?

A

2 sternopericardial ligaments (w/in the anterior mediastinum) anteriorly and posteriorly by loose CT attaches the pericardium to the tracheal bifurcation and main bronchi

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4
Q

attachments of the pericardium function to…

A

keep the heart in position & limit cardiac distension

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5
Q

what overlaps the pericardium?

A

two pleural sacs and lungs

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6
Q

what lies posteriorly to the pericardium?

A

the esophagus, descending thoracic aorta, and main bronchi

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7
Q

pericardium outer layer

A

dense CT called the fibrous pericardium

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8
Q

pericardium inner serous part contains:

A

-parietal layer
-visceral layer

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9
Q

pericardial cavity

A

-potential space b/w the parietal and visceral layers
-contains a thin film of fluid that enables the heart to move and beat in a relatively frictionless environment

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10
Q

fibrous pericardium function

A

retain the heart in position and limit its distension-prevents sudden overfilling

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11
Q

parietal layer of serous pericardium

A

closely adherent to the fibrous pericardium

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12
Q

visceral layer of serous pericardium

A

more loosely bound to the heart and is also called the epicardium

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13
Q

what part of the heart is not covered by the epicardium?

A

posterior, irregular area between the venae cavae and pulmonary vv. where myocardium contacts fibrous cardium

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14
Q

development of the heart and the pericardial sinuses

A

due to folding of embryonic heart tube
as heart tube folds, venous end moves posterior and up, so venous end then is up by arterial end, separated by transverse sinus
as veins of heart grow and expand, oblique sinus is formed, a recess, a blind sac behind posterior side of the heart

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15
Q

pericardial sinuses

A

reflections of pericardium (where 2 layers of pericardium meet each other)
-transverse sinus
-oblique sinus

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16
Q

transverse sinus

A

at arterial end where pulmonary trunk & aorta leave heart

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17
Q

transverse sinus clinical implication

A

can stop circulation to the aorta or pulmonary artery by making a stitch through the sinus

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18
Q

oblique sinus

A

at venous end where SVC, IVC pulmonary veins enter the heart

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19
Q

oblique sinus function

A

assists with frictionless movement of the heart in the pericardial cavity

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20
Q

blood supply to fibrous & parietal layers of pericadium

A

majority from pericardiacophrenic arteries
also from musculophrenic arteries, branches of the thoracic aorta and coronary arteries

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21
Q

bloody supply to epicardium

A

via the coronary arteries

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22
Q

venous drainage of pericardium

A

pericardiacophrenic vv, internal thoracic vv, and tributaries of the azygos system

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23
Q

somatic sensory innervation to the fibrous & parietal layers via

A

the phrenic nerves

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24
Q

visceral sensory innervation to the epicardium via

A

the cardiac plexuses

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25
Q

epicardium is insensitive to ____

A

pain

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26
Q

vasomotor innervation of pericardium

A

from sympathetic trunks

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27
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation, usually causes chest pain
sharp chest pain associated with pericarditis occurs when the irritated layers of the pericardium rub against eachother

28
Q

pericarditis can lead to ____

A

pericardial effusion

29
Q

pericardial effusion

A

the presence of an abnormal amount of fluid and/or an abnormal character to fluid in the pericardial space

can be caused by a variety of local and systemic disorders or idiopathic

30
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

build-up of blood or other fluid in the pericardial sac puts pressure on the heart, which may prevent it from pumping effectively

31
Q

periocardiocentesis

A

drains fluid from pericardial sac

xiphoid approach: needle inserted b/w the xiphoid process and L costal margin

32
Q

what artery runs in the anterior interventricular groove?

A

anterior interventricular artery

33
Q

two parts of the right atrium

A

-sinus venarum
-pectinate muscles

34
Q

sinus venarum of right atrium

A

the smooth thin-walled posterior part that recieves the venae cavae and coronary sinus

derived from the embryonic sinus venosus

35
Q

what divides the pectinate muscles from the sinus venarum in right atrium?

A

crista terminalis

36
Q

what divides the right and left atrium?

A

interatrial septum

37
Q

fossa ovalis

A

remnant of the fetal foramen ovale and valve

38
Q

what percentage of individuals have an atrial septum defect?

A

25%

39
Q

what happens if foramen ovale is too large?

A

allows O2 blood to be shunted to the right atrium resulting in an overloading of the pulmonary system
subsequently, R atrium, R ventricle and pulmonary trunk will become enlarged

40
Q

where does right ventricle receive blood from?

A

the right atrium via the right atrioventricular orifice
*guarded by the tricuspid valve

41
Q

trabeculae carneae

A

the irregular muscular elevations on the internal surface of the right & left ventricles
*prevent prolapse

42
Q

two parts of the interventricular septum

A

-muscular part
-membranous part that is superior and posterior

43
Q

conus arteriosus

A

cone-shaped pouch that leads into the pulmonary trunk

44
Q

pulmonary valve

A

semilunar valve guarding the pulmonary trunk

45
Q

how many cusps does the right atrioventricular valve have?

A

3
*tricuspid

46
Q

cusps of right atrioventricular valve

A

-anterior cusp
-posterior cusp
-septal cusp

47
Q

tricuspid valve contains:

A

-papillary muscles (3)
-chordae tendinae

48
Q

function of atrioventricular valves

A

prevent backflow into the atria during ventricular contraction

49
Q

what do the papillary muscles and chordae tendinae do in the atrioventricular valves?

A

prevent the cusps from prolapsing into the atria

50
Q

ventricular diastole=

A

atria contract

51
Q

ventricular systole=

A

ventricles contract

52
Q

where does the left atrium receive blood from?

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via four pulmonary veins

53
Q

structure of left atrium

A

smooth interior except for pectinate muscles in the left auricle

54
Q

where does the left ventricle receive blood from?

A

the left atrium via the left atrioventricular orifice
*guarded by the mitral valve

55
Q

does the R or L ventricle have a thicker wall?

A

left ventricle wall is 2x thicker

56
Q

aortic vestibule

A

part that leads into the aorta from L ventrical; smooth walled

57
Q

aortic valve

A

semilunar valve guarding the ascending aorta

58
Q

ventricular septal defects

A

-25% of all congenital heart defects
-opening b/w L & R ventricles, associated w/ shunting of blood
-4 types based on position and severity
-most occur in muscular portion (can spontaneously connect)
-membranous defects are more commonly surgically corrected

59
Q

how many cusps does the mitral valve have?

A

two
*biscupid valve

60
Q

bicuspid valve contains:

A

-papillary muscles (2)
-cordae tendinae

61
Q

what valve of the heart is the most commonly diseased?

A

mitral (bicuspid) valve

62
Q

mitral valve prolapse can cause

A

enlargement of the L atrium

63
Q

the pulmonary & aortic valves are…

A

tricuspid semilunar valves

64
Q

tricuspid semilunar valves

A

-have 3 cup-like cusps that prevent backflow into the ventricles during ventricular relaxation
-NOT associated w/ chordae tendinae & papillary muscles

65
Q

each cusp of a semilunar valve contains:

A
  • a fibrous nodule at the midpoint of its free edge
    -a thin CT area on either side of the nodule called the lunule
    *when valves close the nodules & lunules meet in the center
66
Q

coronary arteries arise from

A

aortic sinuses

67
Q

coronary arteries fill as the aortic sinuses fill following what?

A

ventricular contraction

Anatomy Exam 2 (6 decks)

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