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History > Medecine Individuals Own Knowledge > Flashcards

Medecine Individuals Own Knowledge Flashcards

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1
Q

Pasteur competition with who, when and where

A

1854
Pouches
French Academy of Sciences

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2
Q

Germ theory vs…..

A

Spontaneous generation

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3
Q

Where did Pasteur find germs and what were there responsible for

A

Beer milk, silk

Responsible for it going off

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4
Q

How did Pasteur kill germs

A

Boiling (pasteurisation

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5
Q

Vaccines Pasteur developed

A

Anthrax

Chicken cholera

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6
Q

Trial for anthrax vaccine

A

24 test sheep, 24 control sheep, waited 30 days after inoculation

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7
Q

Boy Pasteur tested on

A

Joseph Miester, bitten 15 times by rabid dog

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8
Q

Lister main antiseptic

A

Carbolic acid

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9
Q

Why was carbolic acid unpopular

A

Cracked surgeons hands

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10
Q

Case study for how refectory antiseptics where

A

11 year old James greenness 1865, leg run over by a cart, dressed compound fracture of the tibia with lint soaked in carbolic acid, leg healed in 6 weeks

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11
Q

Effect of antiseptics on hospitals

A

Newcastle infirmary, 6:10 died to 1/10 died

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12
Q

Other techniques which reduced infection

A

Pares ligatures, sterilised cat gut

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13
Q

Ae septic surgery aim

A

Make whole room germ free

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14
Q

Aseptic surgery methods

A

1887 all instruments steam sterilised

1894 sterilised rubber gloves

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15
Q

Koch methods of indentifying bacteria

A

Agar jelly
Perry dish
Use of dyes such as eosin

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16
Q

Bacteria Koch identified

A

Bacillus anthracis
Bacteria responsible for septicimia
Vibrio cholerae later

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17
Q

How did Koch discover the source of cholera

A

Egypt and Nile crocodiles
India
Isolated vibrio cholerae from wells

18
Q

Koch application of his knowledge

A

Called back to Germany due to outbreak

Introduced clean water supplied ending the epidemic

19
Q

Ehrlich aims

A

Discover magic bullets for diseases, methods of killing a specific microbe without damaging useful microbes

20
Q

Ehlichs 20th century paper

A

‘Chemotherapy, killing of specific cells

21
Q

Eherlichs work on syphillis

A

Isolated stphillis1896
Aimed to find its magic bullet
Compounds of arsenic
Salvarson 606 606th compound he tried

22
Q

Other magic bullets

A

Sulphonamides from tar compounds

23
Q

Significance of the magic bullets

A

First chemical cures, first available mass medecine

24
Q

Flemings initial investigations

A

Lysomne in tears discovered its antiseptic properties
Not always successful
Abandoned idea

25
Q

Flemming discovwry of penicillin

A

Summer 1938 left out Petri dishes
Found s mound which no bacteria grew near
Spores blew through open window
Couldn’t investigate further due to lack of funding

26
Q

Florey and chain further penicillin research

A

1939 team of Oxford researchers

27
Q

Experiments with penicillin

A

8 mice, 4 controls injected with deadly bacteria only 4 died

28
Q

Human tests

A

19th Feb 1941, first human subject lab ran out of supplies and he died
2 more patients successfully treated
August 1942 Fleming treats friend with meningitis

29
Q

Mass production of penicillin

A

1941, Florey goes to America to show drug companies
1942 80 million USD loan to 4 companies
1943 production began used in North Africa
1945 2,000,000 doses used per month
13/15% of wounded would have died without it
Halved time soils urea spent in hospital

30
Q

Discovery of chloroform

A

Nitrous oxides or ether used Dimpson experimenting with different chemicals with Doctors Kieth and Duncan
“Under the table in minutes”
Then tested on his niece Miss Peterie

31
Q

Issues with chloroform

A

Dosage one girl died from od while removing a toenail
Religious objections, “with painful labour you will give birth to children” part of Eve’s punishment
Didn’t reduce fatality rates as more complex and longer operations

32
Q

How did chloroform become popular

A

Queens 8th Child, used “that blessed chloroform”

33
Q

Nightingale work at Scutari

A 
300 scrubbing brushed
38 nurses
"General dealer"
Rebuilt part of the hospital
Death rate falls from 42% to 2%
Royal army medical corps 1898
34
Q

Nightingale publishing ideas

A 
200 leaflets and phamphlets
"Notes on Nursing "1859
Statistics, "the most important science in the world" 
Notes on hospitals 1863
Specification and greAt ormond street
Nursing school 1860
35
Q

Garret Anderson struggle to qualify

A

1858 medical act only practise if on medical register but needed to graduate Wichita was impossible for women
Rejected by Edinburgh and St. Andrews
1865 passed apothecaries exam but prevented from gtaduating
Qualified in Paris and put onto the register 1869
1876 act passed allowing women to qualify

36
Q

Garret Anderson inspiration to others

A

Elizabeth Hogsn 1870
Sophia Jex Blake set up medical school for women
23 educated in first year, recognised in 1877 by London free hospital
318 enrolled 1903
1912 212 women on the register
1871 new hospital for women run by women for women

37
Q

John snow investigation of cholera in the broad street area

A

1854 epidemic killed 20,000 700 deaths in 10 days
Plotted deaths on street map
Incidences highest where people drew water from pump
Water carried in bottle across London infected people elsewhere
Removed the handle

38
Q

John snow proof cholera was waterborne

A

Two seperate water companies
Upstream and filtered vs downstream not filtered
13 times more likely to get cholera
Disproved miasma

39
Q

Chadwick initial investigation

A

1839 report in the sanitary conditions of the labouring poor of Great Britain
Varied hugely with class
Called for end of laissez fairs
Health not the responsibility of the individual

40
Q

Chad wicks envy emery in the public health act

A

Further 60,000 die of cholera
Local boards of health set up to monitor sewers drainage ect
Provided medical officers to “inspect nuisances

History (24 decks)

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