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Cold War Flashcards

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1
Q

Long term rivalry

A

Versailles, unwilling to crush Germany due to the threat of communism
1938 Anschluss and Chechoslovakia, perception that the westbound the stop Germany advancing east
Russian civil war reds vs whites the west backed the tsar

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2
Q

Tensions in WW2

A

Marriage of convenience United only in opposition to Germany

Contrast between communism and capitalism

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3
Q

Tehran Nov 1943

A

Opening of second from

Disagreement over how soon the front would come and where

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4
Q

Yalta

A

Feb 194defeat of Germany is close
Heated due to conflict over Poland
USSR obsession with a buffer zone
Misinterpretation of democracy multi party or communism and reprentation of the workers
Germany reduced in size, reparations, division

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5
Q

Potsdam

A

End of the war May 8th
Truman replaced Roosevelt
Reparations and compromise
Issues over lack of democracy in Eastern Europe
Germany split up into 4 zones, Berlin also split up

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6
Q

Attitude of Truman

A

Anti communist
Roosvelts vice
“Stop babying the soviets”
Lack of experience of forgein affairs

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7
Q

Reason for the formation of the Satellite states

A

Reason for the expansion buffer zone attacked through Eastern Europe 3 times
Poland “corridor of attack”
Believed that after the fight in the east Stalin was entitled to Eastern Europe
20 million dead
World revolution

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8
Q

Methods of forming satellite states

A

Poland coalition between old polish government and the Lublin poles elections rigged and Lublin poles take control
Czechoslovakia communists gained positions in police and army staged a coup and all opposition arrested or murdered Jon masargh murdered forgein minister
Failed in Yugoslavia against Tito

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9
Q

Truman doctrine

A

1947 support those “being enslaved by armed minorities or outside pressures”
Sending of troops and economic resources to country’s at risk
Start of containment
Greece and Turkey
“Two halves of the same walnut”

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10
Q

Marshall Plan

A

1947
George C Marshall claimed Europe needed 17 billion for “the revival of a working economy” prevent the spread of communism Europe was a “breeding ground of hate” in the Uk rationing had only just finished
Eastern Europe rejected it as it requires the economic situation of the country to be revealed
Mutual as the country then bought us goods.
West Germany received 1.3 billion

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11
Q

Cominform

A

October 1947
Coordinated the works of the communist parties of Eastern Europe
First meeting rejects marshal aid as “dollar imperialism” ensured loyalty by investigating those who were independant
Leaders bought to Moscow
Stamped out opposition. Hungary 5% in prison

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12
Q

Comecon

A

1949 response to Marshall plan. Economic cooperation
Minimised American influence ensuring that the benefits of economic recovery stayed in the “soviet sphere of influence”
Eastern Europe cut off from prosperity of the west two economic blocs, exploitation and forced to have specific focuses eg Hungarian food Romanian oil

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13
Q

Long telegram and novikovs telegram 1946

A

Mutual fear and suspicion soviet telegram claimed that the us was preparing for war!

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14
Q

Causes of Berlin blockade

A

Split into 4 zones at yalta and Potsdam Berlin 150 miles into east Germany symbolism of capitalism + embarrassment 1.3 billion in Marshall aid made the west of Berlin prosperous
New currency Doichemark, destabilised East German currency, became well used in east Germany.

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15
Q

Events of Berlin blockade

A

24th June 1948 Stalin cuts off West Berlin leaving 2 million with food for 6 weeks
28th June decision to airlift supplies using B29’s
Sept 1947 aircraft landing every 3 mins
16th April 1948 8000 tonnes per day twice the required amount cost 100 million
12th May Blockade called off

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16
Q

Effects of Berlin blockade

A

Good propoganda for the Us 23 tonnes of confectionaries failure of the USSR
Germany, divided into two Fedwral republic of Germany and Democratic republic of Germany symbol for Cold War tensions
Rivalry clear divide increase
Arms race, huge increase in spending checkpoint Charlie.

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17
Q

NATO

A

4th April leaders meet in Washington and sign NATO, collective security “An attack against one or more….shall be considered an attack against them all”
West protected by US military power 1.5 billion given to NATO countries
USSR respond in 1954 with the Warsaw Pact

18
Q

Korean War causes

A 
Ducks
Domino theory (invasion by the north) underlying communism, Cold War, Kim il sung, syngman Rhee.
19
Q

Kim Ik sung

A

Aimed to unite Korea under s communist government 90,000 troops 25th June 1950 expansionism

20
Q

Domino theory and Korea

A

The North got close, Pusan pocket
Start of rollback April 1950 abandoned containment NSC68
Had to at least contain NK as Japan would be next who the IS had invested 500bn in.

21
Q

Syngman Rhee

A

Claimed one day he would invade North Korea.

22
Q

Importance of the UN in Korea

A

America enter through the Un
USSR was boycotting st the time as the seat of China was given to Taiwan therefore couldn’t use their veto
25th September 1950 Un force (90% American) under Mac Arthur land at Inchon and push the Koreans all the way to the Chinese border who then enter leading to stalemate st the 38th parallel

23
Q

Effect of Korean War

A

Increase in expenditure, involvement of russia and China leads to a 400% increase in American expenditure
Marshall aid turns into money for defence
Focus on nuclear arsenals as conventional weapons lead to a 5 year stalemate

24
Q

Warsaw Pact

A

Mutual defence 1955 splits the world into two blocks militarily as well as economically

25
Q

Arms race

A 
July 1945 trinity test
August 6 Hiroshima
August 9 Nagasaki
1949 Soviet testing of bomb
1952 US test H bomb
1953 USSR test first H bomb
Feb 1955 Thermonuclear weapon 
1861 Tsar Bomba
1968 non proliferation
26
Q

Kruschev and peaceful coexistence

A

Death of Stalin 5th March 1953 succeeded by Kruschev 1955
Closed down cominform
Released thousands of troops from Austria
Molotov fired Tito invited to Moscow
Geneva July 1956 Paris 1960 camp David
Communist party international famous secret speech de stalinisation “he often took the path of repression”

27
Q

Causes of an uprising in Hungary unhappy with communism

A

Unhappy with Communist regime 387,000 impeisooned communists only won 17% of the vote Hungarian food shipped to Russia while they starved economic exploitation Rakoski “the bald butcher” and “Stalins best pupil”

28
Q

Causes of uprising in Hungary, hope after death of Stalin

A

De stalinisation, more lenient leader secret speech Feb 1956
Release of political prisoners
Poland, revolutions in June 1953, saw an opportunity

29
Q

Why did the USSR invade Warsaw Pact

A

Nagy reforms wanted end of one party system trade deals with the us and an exit from the Warsaw Pact
Breaking the iron curtain in Hungary, widespread discontent, could lead to the collapse of the soviet buffer zone
Kruschev had to make an example of Hungary

30
Q

Why did the USSR invade Hungary Kruschevs situation

A

Critical of coexistence destalinisation and reformist political ideas
Pressure from Mao to defend communism
Additionally the international situation provided the perfect opportunity with distractions from the Suez Canal and American elections

31
Q

Details of the invasion of Hungary

A

4th November 1856 200,000 troops and 6,000 tanks enter Hungary leading to the deaths of 30,000 Hungarians Nagy was hung in 1958
Janos Kadar installed as leader with 15 point program including remaining in the Warsaw Pact

32
Q

Germany refugee crisis

A

Disasifaction with economic and political conditions such as the collectivisation of agriculture
East Berliners could see the prosperity of the west 1941-61 2.1 million East Germans “refuges or defectors” leave made it hard for Kruschev to argue that communism was superior
Brain drain
Geneva and camp David failed

33
Q

U2 incident

A

1st may 1960 u2 spy plane shot down and powers captured
Eisenhower refused to apologise claimed it was a weather plane as he has been told that if it was shot down the plane and pilot would be destroyed
Powers survived the crash and was put on trial in Moscow Kruschev enforced Eisenhower in the middle of the Paris conference

34
Q

Effects of U2

A

Huge tensions

Walked out from Paris embarrassing the us

35
Q

Vienna

A

Kruschev tells Kennedy to withdraw troops from Berlin or declare war

June 1961

3.2 billion spent on defence
207 million on fallout shelters

36
Q

Berlin Wall causes

A

Refugee problem 2.1 million from 1949-61
By July 1961 10,000 per day Ulbricht solution needed immediately
Positioning 150km into the eastern zone failure for Kruschev embarrassment showed him up due to superiority of capitalism issue since Potsdam, Geneva Vienna camp David simply couldn’t be allowed “window into the west”

37
Q

Construction of the Berlin Wall

A

13th August 1961 access blocked by barbed wire two days later first concrete blocks
155m around the wall
Led to 3 increases in the us defence budget in 3 years

38
Q

Cuban Revolution

A

90 miles from the coast of Florida
American owned businesses prior to 1959 90% of mines and cattle ranches
Guantanamo
Feb 1959 3 year geurilla campaign Castro overthrows American backed dictator fulgenio Batista
Communist state in its spheres of influence

39
Q

Bay of pigs incident

A

1959-61 no confrontation
Castro nationalised American businesses but let them keep Guantanamo
JFK supplied arms equipment and transport worth 45 million to 1,400 via trained exiles for them to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro
Exiled were met by 20,000 Cuban troops with tanks and modern weapons
All exiles killed in 3 days
America resorted to attempting assassinations

40
Q

Why did the USSR place missiles in Cuba

A 
Bargain with the USA
Test the USA 
Trap the USA into becoming the aggressor
Defend Cuba
Spread communism
Gain upper hand in arms race
Stop China and Mao
41
Q

Why was there a crisis

A

Cuban Revolution
Arms race
Bay of pigs

42
Q

Events of the Cuban missile crisis thirteen days crisis

A

14 October u2 spy planes fly over Cuba and photograph missile sites
16 October sites completed with missiles they would be ready in 7days warnings cut from 30 mins to 2 mins
20th October decides on blockade
23rd Kennedy receives letter saying blockade will not be observed
Blockade behind, 20 soviet ships and a sub stop
26 Kruschev sends letter saying arms will be removed if the us doesn’t attack Cuba
Second letter saying the condition was for removing missives from turkey
27 Kennedy replies to first letter
28 Kruschev agrees

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