Med Term Ch.2 Flashcards
Which body cavity contains the pleural cavity and the mediastinum?
Thoracic (pleural cavity- the space between the lung’s two layers of membrane) (mediastinum- space between the lungs)
Which body cavity cavity contains the peritoneum?
Abdominopelvic {the peritoneum is the membrane that lines the inside of your abdomen and pelvis (parietal). It also covers made of your organs inside (visceral)}
abdomin/o
abdomen
adip/o
fat
anter/o
front
chondro/o
cartilage
cervic/o
neck (of the body or uterus)
chrom/o
color
coccyg/o
coccyx (tailbone)
crani/o
skull
cyt/o
cell
dist/o
far, distant
dors/o
back portion of the body
hist/o, histi/o
tissue
ili/o
ilium (of the hip bone)
inguin/o
groin
kary/o
nucleus
later/o
side
lumb/o
lower back
medi/o
middle
nucle/o
nucleus
pelv/i
pelvis
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
poster/o
back, behind
proxim/o
nearest
sacr/o
sacrum
sacr/o
flesh
spin/o
spine, backbone
thel/o, theli/o
nipple
thorac/o
chest
trache/o
trachea, windpipe
umbilic/o
navel, umbilicus
ventr/o
belly side of the body
vertebr/o
vertebra(e), backbone(s)
viscer/o
internal organs
ana-
up
cata-
down
epi-
above
hypo-
below
inter-
between
intra-
within
meta-
change
-eal
pertaining to
-iac
pertaining to
-ior
pertaining to
-ism
process, condition
-ose
pertaining to, full of
-plasm
formation
-somes
bodies
-type
picture, classification
Process of cutting the skull
Craniotomy
karyotype
photograph of an individual’s chromosomes, arranged by size, shape, and number
chromosomes
rod-like structures within the nucleus
anabolism
process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids.
ana- up; bol- to cast; -ism -process
catabolism
process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released.
cata- down; bol-to cast; -ism - process
cell membrane
structure surrounding and protecting the cell. it determines what enters and leaves the cell
chromosomes
rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes. There are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell except for the egg and sperm cells, which only contain 23 individual, unpaired chromosomes
cytoplasm
all of the material that is outside of the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid; chemical found within each chromosome. Arranged like a sequence of recipes in code, it directs the activities of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Network of canals within the cytoplasm of the cell. Here, large proteins are made from smaller protein pieces.
Its composition has two components: the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). The SER is generally used for the creation/ storage of lipids and steroids, while the RER plays a significant role in the synthesis of various proteins (contains ribosomes attached to the membranes)
genes
regions of DNA within each chromosome
metabolism
total of the chemical process in a cell. it includes catabolism and anabolism.
Meta- change; bol- to cast; -ism -process
mitochondria
rod-shaped structures in the cytoplasm that provide the principal source of energy for the cell. Catabolism is the process that occurs in the mitochondria. (From the Greek “mitos” meaning thread and “chondrian” meaning granule)
nucleus
control center of the cell. it contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell
ribosomes
small granules on the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell (there are also free floating ribosomes in the cytosol). Ribosomes arrange amino acids on the ER to make proteins.
Rib/o us derived from ribonucleic acid or RNA and -somes means bodies
hist/o
tissue
histologist
specialist in the study of tissues
muscle cell
long and slender; contains fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing
epithelial cell
a lining and skin cell; can be squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional
nerve cell
may be long and have various fibrous extensions that aid in its job of carrying impulses
fat cell
contains large, empty spaces for fat storage
differentiation
change in cells as they mature and specialize
epithelial tissue
forms then linings of internal organs, and the outer surface of the skin covering the body. it also lines exocrine glands (secrete their substances through ducts onto your body’s surfaces) and endocrine (secrete their substances directly into your bloodstream) glands, and is responsible for the secretions that the glands produce
the term epithelial originally referred to the tissue on (epi-) the breast nipple (thel/o). Now it describes all tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines the inner surface of internal organs.
muscle tissue
Voluntary muscle is found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control.
Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system, as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.
Cardiac muscle is a specialized type of muscle found only in the heart.
connective tissue
Examples are adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage (elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bones), bone, and blood
nerve tissue
nerve tissue conducts electrical impulses. examples are in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves throughout the body
Organs of the digestive system
mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Organs of the urinary/excretory system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra,
Organs of the respiratory system
nose, pharynx, larynx (voice box), trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs (where gas exchange takes place)
Organs of the reproductive system
female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
male: testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland
Organs of the endocrine system
Thyroid gland (in the neck), pituitary gland (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid glands
Organs of the nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collections of nerves
Organs of the circulatory system
Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland
Organs of the musculoskeletal system
Muscles, bones, and joints
Skin and sense organs (integumentary system)
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands; eyes, ears, nose, and tongue
adipose tissue
collection of fat cells
cartilage
flexible connective tissue often attached to bones at joints. Cartilage forms part of the external ear and the nose. Rings of cartilage surround the trachea.
viscera
internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen
Organs of the cranial cavity
Brain, pituitary gland
Organs of the Thoracic cavity
Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta.
Divided into two smaller cavities:
1. Pleural cavity- space surrounding each lung; the pleura is a double membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them
2. Mediastinum- centrally located space outside of and between the lungs; it contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes
Organs of the abdominal cavity
Stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
*the peritoneum is the double folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity. it attaches the abdominal organs to the abdominal muscles and surrounds each organ to hold it in place
*the kidneys are part of the abdominal cavity but are behind the peritoneum; they are situated behind the abdominal cavity in the retroperitoneal area
*the diaphragm is a muscular wall divides the abdominal and thoracic cavities
Organs of the pelvic cavity
Portions of the small and large intenstines, urinary bladder, rectum, urethra, ureters; uterus and vagina (in females)
*unlike the abdominal and thoracic cavities, there is no true divide between the abdominal and pelvic cavities. Together, they are referred to as the abdominopelvic cavity
Organs of the spinal cavity
Nerves of the spinal cord
pleural cavity
space between the layers of the pleura (double-folded membrane surrounding each lung)
pleural effusion
collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
ascites
collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Name the abdominopelvic regions
Right hypochondriac
Left hypochondriac
Epigastric
Right lumbar
Left lumbar
Umbilical
Right inguinal (iliac)
Left inguinal (iliac)
Hypogastric
Name the abdominopelvic quadrants and their associated organs
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ): liver (right lobe), gallbladder, part of pancreas, parts of small and large intestines
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ): liver (left lobe), stomach, spleen, part of pancreas, parts of small and large intestines
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ): parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ): parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter
spinal column
bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity
spinal cord
nervous tissue within the spinal cavity
vertebral disc
pad of cartilage between vertebrae
Divisions of the back
Cervical- neck region (C1-C7)
Thoracic- chest region (T1-T12)
Lumbar- loin (waist) region (L1-L5)
Sacral- region of the sacrum (fused, S1-S5)
Coccygeal- region of the coccyx (fused)
