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aapc medical terminology > Med Term - Ch 3 > Flashcards

Med Term - Ch 3 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are Infectious Diseases?

A

Diseases caused by certain harmful microorganisms and other parasites that live at the expense of another organism.

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2
Q

Define Pathogen

A

(PATH-o-jen) An organism capable of causing disease (root path/o means “disease”)

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3
Q

What are Degenerative diseases?

A

Diseases that result from wear and tear, aging, or trauma (injury) that can lead to a lesion (wound) and perhaps necrosis (death of tissue).

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4
Q

Examples of degenerative Diseases

A

Common examples include arthritis, cardiovascular problems, and certain respiratory disorders such as emphysema.

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5
Q

Define Neoplasia

A

(ne-o-PLA-ze-ah) An abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue; from prefix neo- meaning “new” and root plasm meaning “formation”

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6
Q

What are Immune Disorders?

A

These include failures of the immune system, allergies, and autoimmune diseases, in which the body makes antibodies to its own tissues.

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7
Q

What are Metabolic disorders?

A

Disorders that result from lack of enzymes or other factors needed for cellular functions. Many hereditary disorders fall into this category. Malnutrition caused by inadequate intake of nutrients or inability of the body to absorb and use nutrients also upsets metabolism.

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8
Q

What are Hormonal disorders?

A

Disorders caused by underproduction or overproduction of hormones or by an inability of the hormones to function properly. One common example is diabetes mellitus.

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9
Q

What are Mental and emotional disorders?

A

Mental and emotional disorders affect the mind and adaptation of an individual to his or her environment.

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10
Q

Define Etiology

A

(e-te-OL-o-je) The cause of a disease

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11
Q

Define Sepsis

A

(SEP-sis) The presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the blood or other tissues; adjective: septic

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12
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

bacteria (bak-TE-re-ah)

A

Simple microscopic organisms that are widespread throughout the world, some can produce disease; singular: bacterium (bak-TE-re-um)

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13
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

cocci (KOK-si)

A

Round bacteria; may be in clusters (staphylococci), chains (streptococci), and other formations; singular: coccus (KOK-us)

Example of Diseases Caused: pneumonia, rheumatic fever, food poisoning, septicemia, urinary tract infections, gonorrhea

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14
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

bacilli (bah-SIL-i)

A

Rod-shaped bacteria; singular: bacillus (ba-SIL-us)

Example of Diseases Caused: typhoid, dysentery, salmonellosis, tuberculosis, botulism, tetanus

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15
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

vibrios (VIB-re-oze)

A

Short curved rods

Example of Diseases Caused: cholera, gastroenteritis

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16
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

spirochetes (SPI-ro-ketze)

A

Corkscrew-shaped bacteria that move with a twisting motion

Example of Diseases Caused: Lyme disease, syphilis, Vincent disease

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17
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

chlamydia (klah-MID-e-ah)

A

Extremely small bacteria with complex life cycles that grow in living cells but, unlike viruses, are susceptible to antibiotics

Example of Diseases Caused: conjunctivitis, trachoma, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

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18
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

rickettsia (rih-KET-se-ah)

A

Extremely small bacteria that grow in living cells but are susceptible to antibiotics

Example of Diseases Caused: typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever

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19
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

viruses (VI-rus-es)

A

Submicroscopic infectious agents that can live and reproduce only within living cells

Example of Diseases Caused: colds, herpes, hepatitis, measles, varicella (chickenpox), influenza, AIDS

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20
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

fungi (FUN-ji)

A

Simple, nongreen plants, some of which are parasitic; includes yeasts and molds; singular: fungus (FUN-gus)

Example of Diseases Caused: candidiasis, skin infections (tinea, ringworm), valley fever

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21
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

protozoa (pro-to-ZO-ah)

A

Single-celled animals; singular: protozoon (pro-to-ZO-on)

Example of Diseases Caused: dysentery, Trichomonas infection, malaria

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22
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

helminths (HEL-minths)

A

Worms

Example of Diseases Caused: trichinosis; infestations with roundworms, pinworms, hookworms

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23
Q

Bacteria can occur in what three shapes?

A

Round (cocci), Rod-shaped (bacilli), or Curved (including vibrios and spirochetes)

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24
Q

Describe Three Responses to Disease

A

INFLAMMATION: When cells are injured, they release chemicals that allow blood cells and fluids to move into the tissues.

PHAGOCYTOSIS: Certain white blood cells are capable of engulfing these materials and destroying them internally.

IMMUNITY: All our defenses against infectious disease.

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25
Q

What are the four signs of inflammation?

A

Heat
Pain
Redness
Swelling

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26
Q

Define Edema

A

A swelling or accumulation of fluid in the tissues

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27
Q

What is pus?

A

The remains of phagocytosis (fa-gow-sai-TOW-suhs) consisting of fluid and white blood cells.

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28
Q

Examples of inborn or innate protective mechanisms that are based on a person’s genetic makeup and do not require any previous exposure to a disease organism.

A

Inflammation, phagocytosis, mechanical barriers (such as intact skin and mucous membranes), as well as body secretions (such as stomach acid and enzymes in saliva and tears).

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29
Q

What is adaptive immunity, or acquired immunity?

A

Immunity that we develop during life from exposure to disease organisms.

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30
Q

Define neoplasm

NE-o-plazm

A

A tumor, or abnormal growth, which may be benign or malignant (root onc/o and suffix -oma refer to neoplasms).

A benign neoplasm does not spread, that is, undergo metastasis to other tissues, although it may cause damage at the site where it grows.

An invasive neoplasm that can metastasize to other tissues is termed malignant and is commonly called cancer.

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31
Q

Define carcinoma

kar-sih-NO-mah

A

A malignant neoplasm composed of epithelial cells (from Greek root carcino, meaning “crab”) (adjective: carcinomatous)

If the tumor arises in glandular epithelium, it is an adenocarcinoma (the root aden/o means “gland”); a cancer of pigmented epithelial cells (melanocytes) is a melanoma.

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32
Q

Define sarcoma

sar-KO-mah

A

A malignant neoplasm arising from connective tissue (from Greek root sarco, meaning “flesh”); adjective: sarcomatous

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33
Q

Define cyst

sist

A

A sac or pouch filled with fluid or semisolid material that is abnormal but not cancerous.

Causes of cyst formation include infection or blockage of a duct.

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34
Q

Define Gram stain

A

A laboratory staining procedure that divides bacteria into two groups: gram positive, which stains purple, and gram negative, which stains red.

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35
Q

Define hernia

HER-ne-ah

A

Protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening; commonly called a rupture.

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36
Q

Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:

Alg/o, algi/o, algesi/o

A

Meaning: Pain

Example: Alglesia

Definition: Condition of having pain

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37
Q

Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:

Carcin/o

A

Meaning: Cancer, Carcinoma

Example: Carcinoid

Definition: Resembling a carcinoma

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38
Q

Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:

Cyst/o

A

Meaning: Filled sac or pouch, cyst, bladder

Example: Cystic

Definition: Pertaining to or having cysts

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39
Q

Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:

Lith

A

Meaning: Calculus, Stone

Example: Lithiasis

Definition: Stone formation

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40
Q

Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:

Onc/o

A

Meaning: Tumor

Example: Oncogenic

Definition: Causing a tumor

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41
Q

Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:

Path/o

A

Meaning: Disease

Example: Pathogen

Definition: Organism that produces disease

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42
Q

Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:

Py/o

A

Meaning: Pus

Example: Pyocyst

Definition: Cyst filled with pus

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43
Q

Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:

Pyr/o, Pyret/o

A

Meaning: Fever, Fire

Example: Pyrexia

Definition: Fever

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44
Q

Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:

Scler/o

A

Meaning: Hard

Example: Sclerosis

Definition: Hardening of tissue

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45
Q

Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:

Tox/o, Toxic/o

A

Meaning: Poison

Example: Endotoxin

Definition: Toxin within bacterial cells

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46
Q

Prefixes for Disease:

Brady-

A

Meaning: Slow

Example: Bradypnea (brad-ip-NE-ah)

Definition: Slow breathing (-pnea) rate

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47
Q

Prefixes for Disease:

Dys-

A

Meaning: Abnormal, Painful, Difficult

Example: Dysplasia (dis-PLA-je-ah)

Definition: Abnormal development (plas) of tissue.

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48
Q

Prefixes for Disease:

Mal-

A

Meaning: Bad, Poor

Example: Malabsorption

Definition: Poor absorption of nutrients

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49
Q

Prefixes for Disease:

Pachy-

A

Meaning: Thick

Example: Pachycephaly

Definition: Abnormal thickness of the skull

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50
Q

Prefixes for Disease:

Tachy-

A

Meaning: Rapid

Example: Tachycardia

Definition: Rapid heart (cardi/o) rate

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51
Q

Prefixes for Disease:

Xero-

A

Meaning: Dry

Example: Xeroderma (ze-ro-DER-mah)

Definition: Dryness of the skin

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52
Q

Suffixes for Disease:

-Algia, Algesia

A

Meaning: Pain

Example: Neuralgia

Definition: Pain in a nerve (neur/o)

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53
Q

Suffixes for Disease:

-Cele

A

Meaning: Hernia, Localized dilation

Example: Gastrocele

Definition: Hernia of the stomach (gastr/o)

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54
Q

Suffixes for Disease:

-Clasis, Clasia

A

Meaning: Breaking

Example: Karyoclasis

Definition: Breaking of the nucleus (kary/o)

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55
Q

Suffixes for Disease:

-Itis

A

Meaning: Inflammation

Example: Cystitis

Definition: Inflammation of the urinary bladder (cyst/o)

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56
Q

Suffixes for Disease:

-Megaly

A

Meaning: Enlargement

Example: Hepatomegaly

Definition: Enlargement of the liver

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57
Q

Suffixes for Disease:

-Odynia

A

Meaning: Pain

Example: Urodynia

Definition: Pain on urination (ur/o)

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58
Q

Suffixes for Disease:

-Oma

A

Meaning: Tumor

Example: Lipoma

Definition: Tumor of fat cells

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59
Q

Suffixes for Disease:

-Pathy

A

Meaning: Any disease of

Example: Nephropathy

Definition: Any disease of the kidney (nephr/o)

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60
Q

Suffixes for Disease:

-Rhage, Rhagia

A

Meaning: Bursting forth, Profuse flow

Example: Hemorrhage

Definition: Profuse flow of blood

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61
Q

Suffixes for Disease:

-Rhea

A

Meaning: Flow, Discharge

Example: Pyorrhea

Definition: Discharge of pus

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62
Q

Suffixes for Disease:

-Rhexis

A

Meaning: Rupture

Example: Amniorrhexis

Definition: Rupture of the amniotic sac

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63
Q

Suffixes for Disease:

-Schisis

A

Meaning: Fissure, Splitting

Example: Retinoschisis

Definition: Splitting of the retina of the eye

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64
Q

Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:

Dilation, Dilatation

A

Meaning: Expansion, Widening

Example: Vasodilation

Definition: Widening of blood vessels (vas/o)

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65
Q

Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:

Ectasia, Extasis

A

Meaning: Dilation, Dilatation, Distension

Example: Gastectasia

Definition: Dilation of the stomach (gastr/o)

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66
Q

Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:

-Edema

A

Meaning: Accumulation of fluid, Swelling

Example: Cephaledema

Definition: Swelling of the head

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67
Q

Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:

Lysis

A

Meaning: Separation, Loosening, Dissolving, Destruction

Example: Dialysis

Definition: Separation of substances by passage through (dia-) a membrane

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68
Q

Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:

Malacia

A

Meaning: Softening

Example: Craniomalacia

Definition: Softening of the skull

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69
Q

Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:

Necrosis

A

Meaning: Death of tissue

Example: Osteonecrosis

Definition: Death of bone (oste/o) tissue

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70
Q

Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:

Ptosis

A

Meaning: Dropping, Downward displacement, Prolapse

Example: Blepharoptosis

Definition: Dropping or drooping of the eyelid (blephar/o)

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71
Q

Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:

Sclerosis

A

Meaning: Hardening

Example: Phlebosclerosis

Definition: Hardening of veins (phleb/o)

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72
Q

Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:

Splasm

A

Meaning: Sudden contraction, Cramp

Example: Arteriospasm

Definition: Spasm of an artery

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73
Q

Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:

Stasis

A

Meaning: Suppression, Stoppage

Example: Menostasis

Definition: Suppression of menstrual (men/o) flow

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74
Q

Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:

Stenosis

A

Meaning: Narrowing, Constriction

Example: Bronchostenosis

Definition: Narrowing of a bronchus (air passageway)

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75
Q

Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:

Toxin

A

Meaning: Poison

Example: Nephrotoxin

Definition: Substance poisonous or harmful for the kidneys

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76
Q

Prefixes for Infectious Diseases:

Staphylo-

A

Meaning: Grape-like cluster

Example: Staphylococcus

Definition: A round bacterium that forms clusters

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77
Q

Prefixes for Infectious Diseases:

Strepto-

A

Meaning: Chain

Example: Streptobacillus

Definition: A rod-shaped bacterium that forms chains.

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78
Q

Roots for Infectious Diseases:

Bacill/i, Bacill/o

A

Meaning: Bacillus

Example: Bacilluria

Definition: Bacilli in the urine (-uria)

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79
Q

Roots for Infectious Diseases:

Bacteri/o

A

Meaning: Bacterium

Example: Bacteriostatic

Definition: Stopping (stasis) the growth of bacteria.

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80
Q

Roots for Infectious Diseases:

Myc/o

A

Meaning: Fungus, Mold

Example: Mycotic

Definition: Pertaining to a fungus

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81
Q

Roots for Infectious Diseases:

Vir/o

A

Meaning: Virus

Example: Viremia

Definition: Presence of viruses in the blood (-emia)

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82
Q

Enrichment Terms for Disease:

acid-fast stain

A

A laboratory staining procedure used mainly to identify the tuberculosis (TB) organism.

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83
Q

Enrichment Terms for Disease:

communicable (ko-MUN-ih-kah-bl)

A

Capable of passing from one person to another, such as an infectious disease.

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84
Q

Enrichment Terms for Disease:

endemic (en-DEM-ik)

A

Occurring at a low level but continuously in a given region, such as the common cold (from en-, meaning “in” and Greek demos, meaning “people”).

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85
Q

Enrichment Terms for Disease:

epidemic (ep-ih-DEM-ik)

A

Affecting many people in a given region at the same time, a disease that breaks out in a large proportion of a population at a given time.

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86
Q

Enrichment Terms for Disease:

Exacerbation (eks-zas-er-BA-shun)

A

Worsening of disease, increase in severity of a disease or its symptoms.

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87
Q

Enrichment Terms for Disease:

iatrogenic (i-at-ro-JEN-ik)

A

Caused by the effects of treatment (from Greek root iatro-, meaning “physician”).

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88
Q

Enrichment Terms for Disease:

idiopathic (id-e-o-PATH-ik)

A

Having no known cause (root idio means “self-originating”).

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89
Q

Enrichment Terms for Disease:

in situ (in SI-tu)

A

Localized, noninvasive (literally “in position”); said of tumors that do not spread, such as carcinoma in situ (CIS).

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90
Q

Enrichment Terms for Disease:

normal flora (FLO-rah)

A

The microorganisms that normally live on or in the body and are generally harmless and often beneficial but can cause disease under special circumstances, such as injury or failure of the immune system.

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91
Q

Enrichment Terms for Disease:

nosocomial (nos-o-KO-me-al)

A

Describing an infection acquired in a hospital (root nos/o means “disease,” and comial refers to a hospital), which can be a serious problem, especially if it is resistant to antibiotics, such as strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA).

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92
Q

Enrichment Terms for Disease:

opportunistic (op-por-tu-NIS-tik)

A

Describing an infection that occurs because of a host’s poor or altered condition.

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93
Q

Enrichment Terms for Disease:

pandemic (pan-DEM-ik)

A

Describing a disease that is prevalent throughout an entire region or the world; for example, AIDS is pandemic in certain regions of the world.

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94
Q

Enrichment Terms for Disease:

remission (re-MISH-un)

A

A lessening of disease symptoms, the period during which such lessening occurs.

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95
Q

Enrichment Terms for Disease:

septicemia (sep-tih-SE-me-ah)

A

Presence of pathogenic bacteria in the blood, blood poisoning.

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96
Q

Enrichment Terms for Disease:

systemic (sis-TEM-ik)

A

Pertaining to the whole body.

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97
Q

Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:

abscess (AB-ses)

A

A localized collection of pus.

98
Q

Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:

adhesion (ad-HE-zhun)

A

A uniting of two surfaces or parts that may normally be separated.

99
Q

Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:

anaplasia (ah-nah-PLA-ze-ah)

A

Lack of normal differentiation, as shown by cancer cells.

100
Q

Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:

ascites (a-SI-teze)

A

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

101
Q

Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:

cellulitis (sel-u-LI-tis)

A

A spreading inflammation of tissue.

102
Q

Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:

effusion (eh-FU-zhun)

A

Escape of fluid into a cavity or other body part.

103
Q

Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:

exudate (EKS-u-date)

A

Material that escapes from blood vessels as a result of tissue injury.

104
Q

Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:

fissure (FISH-ur)

A

A groove or split.

105
Q

Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:

gangrene (GANG-grene)

A

Death of tissue, usually caused by lack of blood supply; may be associated with bacterial infection and decomposition.

106
Q

Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:

hyperplasia (hi-per-PLA-ze-ah)

A

Excessive growth of normal cells in normal arrangement.

107
Q

Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:

hypertrophy (hi-PER-tro-fe)

A

An increase in the size of an organ without increase in the number of cells; may result from an increase in activity, as in muscles.

108
Q

Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:

induration (in-du-RA-shun)

A

Hardening, an abnormally hard spot or place.

109
Q

Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:

metaplasia (met-ah-PLA-ze-ah)

A

Conversion of cells to a form that is not normal for that tissue (prefix meta- means “change”).

110
Q

Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:

polyp (POL-ip)

A

A tumor attached by a thin stalk.

111
Q

Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:

purulent (PUR-u-lent)

A

Forming or containing pus.

112
Q

Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:

suppuration (sup-u-RA-shun)

A

Pus formation

113
Q

What is Medical Diagnosis?

A

The determination of the nature and cause of an illness.

114
Q

What does medical diagnosis begin with?

A

Diagnosis begins with a patient history. This includes a history of the present illness with a description of symptoms (evidence of disease), a past medical history, and a family and a social history.

115
Q

What techniques do practitioners use in a physical examination?

A

Inspection: visual examination

Palpation: touching the surface of the body with the hands or fingers

Percussion: tapping the body to evaluate tissue according to the sounds produced

Auscultation: listening to body sounds with a stethoscope

116
Q

What are Vital Signs?

A

Measurements that reflect basic functions necessary to maintain life.

117
Q

What is included in Vital Signs?

A

Temperature (T).

Pulse rate, measured in beats per minute (bpm). Pulse rate normally corresponds to the heart rate (HR), the number of times the heart beats per minute.

Respiration rate (R), measured in breaths per minute.

Blood pressure (BP), measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and recorded when the heart is contracting (systolic pressure) and relaxing (diastolic pressure).

118
Q

What is an ophthalmoscope?

of-THAL-mo-skope

A

An instrument for examining the interior of the eye

119
Q

What is an otoscope

O-to-skope

A

Instrument used to examine the ears

120
Q

Define Biopsy:

A

Removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic examination

121
Q

Biopsy specimens can be obtained by:

A

Needle withdrawal (aspiration) of fluid, as from the chest or from a cyst

A small punch, as of the skin

Endoscopy, as from the respiratory or digestive tract

Surgical removal, as of a tumor or node

122
Q

What is radiography (ra-de-OG-rah-fe)?

A

An imaging technique in which a machine beams x-rays (a form of radiation) through the body onto a piece of film. The resulting image is called a radiograph. Dark areas indicate where the beam passed through the body and exposed the film, whereas light areas show where the beam did not pass through.

123
Q

What is computed tomography?

A

With a CT scan, a machine revolves around the patient, beaming x-rays through the body onto a detector. The detector takes numerous images of the beam and a computer assembles them into transverse sections, or “slices.” Unlike conventional radiography, CT produces clear images of soft structures such as the brain, liver, and lungs. It is commonly used to visualize brain injuries and tumors and even blood vessels when used with contrast media.

124
Q

What is magnetic resonance imaging?

A

MRI uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves. The patient undergoing MRI lies inside a chamber within a very powerful magnet. The molecules in the patient’s soft tissues align with the magnetic field inside the chamber. When radio waves hit the soft tissue, the aligned molecules emit energy that the MRI machine detects, and a computer converts these signals into an image. MRI produces even clearer images of soft tissue than does CT and can create detailed views of blood vessels without contrast media. MRI can visualize brain injuries and tumors that might be missed using CT.

125
Q

Define palliative therapy

PAL-e-ah-tiv

A

Providing relief but not cure; a treatment that provides such relief

126
Q

Define Prognosis

prog-NO-sis

A

Prediction of a disease’s course and outcome

127
Q

What is holistic health care?

ho-LIS-tik

A

Practice of treating a person as a whole entity with physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs; it stresses comprehensive care, involvement in one’s own care, and the maintenance of good health rather than the treatment of disease.

128
Q

What two methods do Oncologists (cancer specialists) use to classify cancers, select and evaluate therapy, and estimate disease outcome.

A

Grading and Staging

129
Q

Describe the “grading” method used by oncologists.

A

Grading is based on histologic (tissue) changes observed in tumor cells when they are examined microscopically. Grades increase from I to IV with increasing cellular abnormality.

130
Q

Describe the “staging” method used by oncologists.

A

Staging is a procedure for establishing the clinical extent of tumor spread, both at the original site and in other parts of the body (metastases). The TNM system is commonly used. These letters stand for primary tumor (T), regional lymph nodes (N), and distant metastases (M). Evaluation in these categories varies for each type of tumor. Based on TNM results, a stage ranging in severity from I to IV is assigned. Cancers of the blood, lymphatic system, and nervous system are evaluated by different standards.

131
Q

Define anesthesia

an-es-THE-ze-ah

A

Loss of the ability to feel pain, as by administration of a drug.

132
Q

Define auscultation

aws-kul-TA-shun

A

Listening for sounds within the body, usually within the chest or abdomen

133
Q

Define biopsy

BI-op-se

A

Removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic examination

134
Q

Define cautery

KAW-ter-e

A

Destruction of tissue by a damaging agent, such as a harmful chemical, heat, or electric current (electrocautery); cauterization

135
Q

Define chemotherapy

ke-mo-THER-ah-pe

A

Use of chemicals to treat disease; the term is often applied specifically to the treatment of cancer with chemicals

136
Q

Define endoscope

EN-do-skope

A

An instrument for examining the inside of an organ or cavity through a body opening or small incision; most endoscopes use fiber optics for viewing

137
Q

Define excision

ek-SIZH-un

A

Removal by cutting (suffix: -ectomy)

138
Q

fixation

fik-SA-shun

A

Holding or fastening a structure in a firm position (suffix: -pexy)

139
Q

Define grading

GRA-ding

A

A method for evaluating a tumor based on microscopic examination of the cells

140
Q

Define immunotherapy

im-u-no-THER-ah-pe

A

Treatment that involves stimulation or suppression of the immune system, either specifically or nonspecifically

141
Q

Define incision

in-SIZH-un

A

A cut, as for surgery; also the act of cutting (suffix: -tomy)

142
Q

Define ophthalmoscope

of-THAL-mo-skope

A

An instrument for examining the interior of the eye

143
Q

Define otoscope

O-to-skope

A

Instrument used to examine the ears

144
Q

Define palpation

pal-PA-shun

A

Examining by placing the hands or fingers on the surface of the body to determine characteristics such as texture, temperature, movement, and consistency

145
Q

Define percussion

per-KUSH-un

A

Tapping the body lightly but sharply to assess the condition of the underlying tissue by the sounds obtained

146
Q

Define sphygmomanometer

sfig-mo-mah-NOM-eh-ter

A

Blood pressure apparatus or blood pressure cuff; pressure is read in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) when the heart is contracting (systolic pressure) and when the heart is relaxing (diastolic pressure) and is reported as systolic/diastolic

147
Q

Define suture

SU-chur

A

To unite parts by stitching them together; also the thread or other material used in that process or the seam formed by surgical stitching

148
Q

Define homeopathy

ho-me-OP-ah-the

A

A philosophy of treating disease by administering drugs in highly diluted form along with promoting healthy life habits and a healthy environment (from home/o, meaning “same,” and path/o, meaning “disease”)

149
Q

Define naturopathy

na-chur-OP-ah-the

A

A therapeutic philosophy of helping people heal themselves by developing healthy lifestyles; naturopaths may use some of the methods of conventional medicine (from nature and path/o, meaning “disease”)

150
Q

Define osteopathy

os-te-OP-ah-the

A

A system of therapy based on the theory that the body can overcome disease when it has normal structure, a favorable environment, and proper nutrition; osteopaths use standard medical practices for diagnosis and treatment but stress the identification and correction of faulty body structure (from oste/o, meaning “bone,” and path/o, meaning “disease”)

151
Q

Roots for Physical Forces:

Aer/o

A

Meaning: Air, Gas

Example: Aerobic

Definition: Pertaining to or requiring air (oxygen)

152
Q

Roots for Physical Forces:

Bar/o

A

Meaning: Pressure

Example: Barometer

Definition: Instrument used to measure pressure

153
Q

Roots for Physical Forces:

Chrom/o, Chromat/o

A

Meaning: Color, Stain

Example: Chromatic

Definition: Having color

154
Q

Roots for Physical Forces:

Chron/o

A

Meaning: Time

Example: Chronologic

Definition: Arranged according to time of occurrence

155
Q

Roots for Physical Forces:

Cry/o

A

Meaning: Cold

Example: Cryoprobe

Definition: Instrument used to apply extreme cold

156
Q

Roots for Physical Forces:

Electr/o

A

Meaning: Electricity

Example: Electrolysis

Definition: Decomposition of a substance by means of electric current

157
Q

Roots for Physical Forces:

Erg/o

A

Meaning: Work

Example: Synergistic

Definition: Working together with increased effect, such as certain drugs in combination

158
Q

Roots for Physical Forces:

Phon/o

A

Meaning: Sound, Voice

Example: Phonograph

Definition: Instrument used to reproduce sound

159
Q

Roots for Physical Forces:

Phot/o

A

Meaning: Light

Example: Photoreaction

Definition: Response to light

160
Q

Roots for Physical Forces:

Radi/o

A

Meaning: Radiation, X-ray

Example: Radiology

Definition: Study and use of radiation

161
Q

Roots for Physical Forces:

Son/o

A

Meaning: Sound

Example: Sonogram

Definition: Record obtained by use of ultrasound

162
Q

Roots for Physical Forces:

Therm/o

A

Meaning: Heat, Temperature

Example: Hypothermia

Definition: Abnormally low body temperature

163
Q

Suffixes for Diagnosis:

-Graph

A

Meaning: Instrument for recording data

Example: Polygraph

Definition: Instrument used to record many physiologic responses simultaneously; lie detector.

164
Q

Suffixes for Diagnosis:

-Graphy

A

Meaning: Act of recording data

Example: echography

Definition: recording data obtained by ultrasound

165
Q

Suffixes for Diagnosis:

-Gram

A

Meaning: a record of data

Example: electrocardiogram

Definition: record of the heart’s electrical activity

166
Q

Suffixes for Diagnosis:

-Meter

A

Meaning: Instrument for measuring

Example: calorimeter

Definition: instrument for measuring the caloric energy of food.

167
Q

Suffixes for Diagnosis:

-Metry

A

Meaning: measurement of

Example: audiometry

Definition: measurement of hearing (audi/o); root metr/o means measure

168
Q

Suffixes for Diagnosis:

-Scope

A

Meaning: instrument for viewing or examining

Example: bronchoscope

Definition: instrument for examining the bronchi (breathing passages)

169
Q

Suffixes for Diagnosis:

-Scopy

A

Meaning: examination of

Example: celioscopy

Definition: examination of the abdominal cavity (celi/o)

170
Q

Suffixes for Surgery:

-Centesis

A

Meaning: puncture, tap

Example: thoracentesis

Definition: puncture of the chest

171
Q

Suffixes for Surgery:

-Desis

A

Meaning: binding, fusion

Example: pleurodesis

Definition: binding of the pleura (membranes around the lungs)

172
Q

Suffixes for Surgery:

-Ectomy

A

Meaning: excision, surgical removal

Example: hepatectomy

Definition: excision of livertissue (hepat/o)

173
Q

Suffixes for Surgery:

-Pexy

A

Meaning: surgical fixation

Example: hysteropexy

Definition: surgical fixation of the uterus (hyster/o)

174
Q

Suffixes for Surgery:

-Plasty

A

Meaning: plastic repair, plastic surgery, reconstruction

Example: rhinoplasty

Definition: plastic surgery of the nose (rhin/o)

175
Q

Suffixes for Surgery:

-Rhaphy

A

Meaning: surgical repair, suture

Example: herniorrhaphy

Definition: surgical repair of a hernia

176
Q

Suffixes for Surgery:

-Stomy

A

Meaning: surgical creation of an opening

Example: tracheostomy

Definition: creation of an opening in the trachea

177
Q

Suffixes for Surgery:

-Tome

A

Meaning: instrument for incising (cutting)

Example: microtome

Definition: instrument for cutting thin sections of tissue for microscopic study

178
Q

Suffixes for Surgery:

-Tomy

A

Meaning: incision, cutting

Example: laparotomy

Definition: surgical incision of the abdomen (lapar/o)

179
Q

Suffixes for Surgery:

-Tripsy

A

Meaning: crushing

Example: neurotripsy

Definition: crushing of a nerve

180
Q

Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:

clubbing
KLUB-ing

A

Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes because of soft-tissue growth of the nails; seen in a variety of diseases, especially lung and heart diseases

181
Q

Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:

colic
KOL-ik

A

Acute abdominal pain associated with smooth muscle spasms

182
Q

Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:

cyanosis
si-ah-NO-sis

A

Bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen

183
Q

Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:

diaphoresis
di-ah-fo-RE-sis

A

Profuse sweating

184
Q

Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:

malaise
mah-LAZE

A

A feeling of discomfort or uneasiness, often indicative of infection or other disease (from French, meaning “discomfort,” using the prefix mal-, meaning “bad”)

185
Q

Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:

nocturnal
nok-TUR-nal

A

Pertaining to or occurring at night (roots noct/i and nyct/o mean “night”)

186
Q

Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:

pallor
PAL-or

A

Paleness, lack of color

187
Q

Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:

prodrome
PRO-drome

A

A symptom indicating an approaching disease

188
Q

Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:

sequela
seh-KWEL-ah

A

A lasting effect of a disease (plural: sequelae)

189
Q

Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:

syncope
SIN-ko-pe

A

A temporary loss of consciousness because of inadequate blood flow to the brain, fainting

190
Q

Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis:

alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
AL-fah-fe-to-PRO-tene

A

A fetal protein that appears in the blood of adults with certain types of cancer

191
Q

Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis:

bruit
brwe

A

A sound, usually abnormal, heard in auscultation

192
Q

Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis:

facies
FA-she-eze

A

The expression or appearance of the face

193
Q

Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis:

febrile
FEB-ril

A

Pertaining to fever

194
Q

Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis:

nuclear medicine

A

The branch of medicine concerned with the use of radioactive substances (radionuclides) for diagnosis, therapy, and research

195
Q

Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis:

radiology
ra-de-OL-o-je

A

The branch of medicine that uses radiation, such as x-rays, in the diagnosis and treatment of disease; a specialist in this field is a radiologist

196
Q

Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis:

radionuclide
ra-de-o-NU-klide

A

A substance that gives off radiation; used for diagnosis and treatment; also called radioisotope or radiopharmaceutical

197
Q

Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis:

speculum
SPEK-u-lum

A

An instrument for examining a canal

198
Q

Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis:

syndrome
SIN-drome

A

A group of signs and symptoms that together characterize a disease condition

199
Q

Enrichment Terms - Treatment:

catheter
KATH-eh-ter

A

A thin tube that can be passed into the body; used to remove fluids from or introduce fluids into a body cavity

200
Q

Enrichment Terms - Treatment:

clysis
KLI-sis

A

The introduction of fluid into the body, other than orally, as into the rectum or abdominal cavity; also refers to the solution thus used

201
Q

Enrichment Terms - Treatment:

irrigation
ir-ih-GA-shun

A

Flushing of a tube, cavity, or area with a fluid

202
Q

Enrichment Terms - Treatment:

lavage
lah-VAJ

A

The washing out of a cavity, irrigation

203
Q

Enrichment Terms - Treatment:

normal saline (NS)
SA-lenesolution (PSS)
A

A salt (NaCl) solution compatible with living cells, also called physiologic saline

204
Q

Enrichment Terms - Treatment:

paracentesis
par-ah-sen-TE-sis

A

Puncture of a cavity for removal of fluid

205
Q

Enrichment Terms - Treatment:

prophylaxis
pro-fih-LAK-sis

A

Prevention of disease

206
Q

Enrichment Terms - Surgery:

drain

A

Device for allowing matter to escape from a wound or cavity; common types include Penrose (cigarette), T-tube, Jackson–Pratt (J-P), and Hemovac

207
Q

Enrichment Terms - Surgery:

ligature
LIG-ah-chur

A

A tie or bandage, the process of binding or tying (also called ligation)

208
Q

Enrichment Terms - Surgery:

resection
re-SEK-shun

A

Partial excision of a structure

209
Q

Enrichment Terms - Surgery:

stapling
STA-pling

A

In surgery, the joining of tissue by using wire staples that are pushed through the tissue and then bent

210
Q

Enrichment Terms - Surgery:

A

Prevention of disease

211
Q

Symbols:

1°

A

primary

212
Q

Symbols:

2°

A

secondary (to)

213
Q

Symbols:

Δ

A

change

214
Q

Symbols:

Ⓛ, Ⓡ

A

left & right

215
Q

Symbols:

↑, ↓

A

increase(d) and decrease(d)

216
Q

Symbols:

∧, ∨

A

above & below

217
Q

Symbols:

±

A

doubtful, slight

218
Q

Define Drug

A

a substance that alters body function

219
Q

Define Anaphylaxis

an-ah-fih-LAK-sis

A

An extreme allergic reaction that can lead to respiratory distress, circulatory collapse, and death

220
Q

Define Synergy

SIN-er-je

A

Combined action of two or more drugs working together to produce an effect greater than any of the drugs could produce when acting alone; also called synergism (SIN-er-jizm); adjective: synergistic (sin-er-JIS-tik)

221
Q

Define Potentiation

po-ten-she-A-shun

A

Increased potency created by two drugs acting together

222
Q

Define Antagonist

an-TAG-o-nist

A

A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug

223
Q

What is a generic drug name?

A

The generic name is usually a simple version of the chemical name for the drug and is not capitalized.

224
Q

Define Phytomedicine

fi-to-MED-ih-sin

A

Another name for herbal medicine (root phyt/o meaning “plant”)

225
Q

Define Contraindication

kon-trah-in-dih-KA-shun

A

A factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous

226
Q

What are the two Routes of Drug Administration?

A

Absorption and Injection

227
Q

Absorption Methods of Drug Administration

A

Absorption: taken into the circulation through the digestive tract or by transfer across another membrane.
Inhalation: through respiratory system.
Instillation: liquid is dropped or poured slowly into a body cavity or on the surface of the body, such as into the ear or onto the eye.
Oral: by mouth
Rectal: administered by rectal suppository or enema
Sublingual (SL): administered under the tongue
Topical: applied to the surface of the skin
Transdermal: absorbed through the skin, as from a patch

228
Q

Injection Methods of Drug Administration:

A

Injection: administered by a needle and syringe
Epidural: injected into the space between the meninges (membranes around the spinal cord) and the spine
Hypodermoclysis: administration of a solution by subcutaneous infusion; useful for fluid delivery as an alternative for intravenous infusion
Intradermal (ID): injected into the skin
Intramuscular (IM): injected into a muscle
Intravenous (IV): injected into a vein
Spinal (intrathecal): injected through the meninges into the spinal fluid
Subcutaneous (SC): injected beneath the skin; hypodermic

229
Q

Suffixes Pertaining to Drugs:

-lytic

A

Meaning: Dissolving, Reducing, Loosening

Example: Thrombolytic

Definition: Agent that dissoles a blood cot (thrombus)

230
Q

Suffixes Pertaining to Drugs:

-mimetic

A

Meaning: Mimicking, Simulating

Example: Sympathomimetic

Definition: Mimicking the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

231
Q

Suffixes Pertaining to Drugs:

-Tropic

A

Meaning: Acting on

Example: Psychotropic

Definition: Acting on the mind (psych/o)

232
Q

Prefixes Pertaining to Drugs:

Anti-

A

Meaning: Against

Example: Antiemetic

Definition: A drug that prevents vomiting (emesis)

233
Q

Prefixes Pertaining to Drugs:

Contra-

A

Meaning: Against, Opposite, Opposed

Example: Contraceptive

Definition: Preventing conception

234
Q

Prefixes Pertaining to Drugs:

Contra-

A

Meaning: Against, Opposed

Example: Countertransport

Definition: Movement in an opposite direction

235
Q

Roots Pertaining to Drugs:

Alg/o, Algi/o, Algesi/o

A

Meaning: Pain

Example: Algesia

Definition: Sense of pain

236
Q

Roots Pertaining to Drugs:

Chem/o

A

Meaning: Chemical

Example: Chemotherapy

Definition: Treatment with drugs

237
Q

Roots Pertaining to Drugs:

Hypn/o

A

Meaning: Sleep

Example: Hypnosis

Definition: Induced state of sleep

238
Q

Roots Pertaining to Drugs:

Narc/o

A

Meaning: Stupor

Example: Narcotic

Definition: Agent that induces a state of stupor with decreased sensation

239
Q

Roots Pertaining to Drugs:

Pharm, Pharmac/o

A

Meaning: Drug, Medicine

Example: Pharmacy

Definition: The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, or the place where these activities occur.

240
Q

Roots Pertaining to Drugs:

Pyr/o, Pyret/o

A

Meaning: Fever

Example: Antipyretic

Definition: Counteracting fever

241
Q

Roots Pertaining to Drugs:

Tox/o, Toxic/o

A

Meaning: Poison, Toxin

Example: Toxicity

Definition: State of being poisonous

242
Q

Roots Pertaining to Drugs:

Vas/o

A

Meaning: Vessel

Example: Vasodilation

Definition: Widening of a vessel

aapc medical terminology (11 decks)

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