Med Term - Ch 3 Flashcards
What are Infectious Diseases?
Diseases caused by certain harmful microorganisms and other parasites that live at the expense of another organism.
Define Pathogen
(PATH-o-jen) An organism capable of causing disease (root path/o means “disease”)
What are Degenerative diseases?
Diseases that result from wear and tear, aging, or trauma (injury) that can lead to a lesion (wound) and perhaps necrosis (death of tissue).
Examples of degenerative Diseases
Common examples include arthritis, cardiovascular problems, and certain respiratory disorders such as emphysema.
Define Neoplasia
(ne-o-PLA-ze-ah) An abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue; from prefix neo- meaning “new” and root plasm meaning “formation”
What are Immune Disorders?
These include failures of the immune system, allergies, and autoimmune diseases, in which the body makes antibodies to its own tissues.
What are Metabolic disorders?
Disorders that result from lack of enzymes or other factors needed for cellular functions. Many hereditary disorders fall into this category. Malnutrition caused by inadequate intake of nutrients or inability of the body to absorb and use nutrients also upsets metabolism.
What are Hormonal disorders?
Disorders caused by underproduction or overproduction of hormones or by an inability of the hormones to function properly. One common example is diabetes mellitus.
What are Mental and emotional disorders?
Mental and emotional disorders affect the mind and adaptation of an individual to his or her environment.
Define Etiology
(e-te-OL-o-je) The cause of a disease
Define Sepsis
(SEP-sis) The presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the blood or other tissues; adjective: septic
COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:
bacteria (bak-TE-re-ah)
Simple microscopic organisms that are widespread throughout the world, some can produce disease; singular: bacterium (bak-TE-re-um)
COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:
cocci (KOK-si)
Round bacteria; may be in clusters (staphylococci), chains (streptococci), and other formations; singular: coccus (KOK-us)
Example of Diseases Caused: pneumonia, rheumatic fever, food poisoning, septicemia, urinary tract infections, gonorrhea
COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:
bacilli (bah-SIL-i)
Rod-shaped bacteria; singular: bacillus (ba-SIL-us)
Example of Diseases Caused: typhoid, dysentery, salmonellosis, tuberculosis, botulism, tetanus
COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:
vibrios (VIB-re-oze)
Short curved rods
Example of Diseases Caused: cholera, gastroenteritis
COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:
spirochetes (SPI-ro-ketze)
Corkscrew-shaped bacteria that move with a twisting motion
Example of Diseases Caused: Lyme disease, syphilis, Vincent disease
COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:
chlamydia (klah-MID-e-ah)
Extremely small bacteria with complex life cycles that grow in living cells but, unlike viruses, are susceptible to antibiotics
Example of Diseases Caused: conjunctivitis, trachoma, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:
rickettsia (rih-KET-se-ah)
Extremely small bacteria that grow in living cells but are susceptible to antibiotics
Example of Diseases Caused: typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:
viruses (VI-rus-es)
Submicroscopic infectious agents that can live and reproduce only within living cells
Example of Diseases Caused: colds, herpes, hepatitis, measles, varicella (chickenpox), influenza, AIDS
COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:
fungi (FUN-ji)
Simple, nongreen plants, some of which are parasitic; includes yeasts and molds; singular: fungus (FUN-gus)
Example of Diseases Caused: candidiasis, skin infections (tinea, ringworm), valley fever
COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:
protozoa (pro-to-ZO-ah)
Single-celled animals; singular: protozoon (pro-to-ZO-on)
Example of Diseases Caused: dysentery, Trichomonas infection, malaria
COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:
helminths (HEL-minths)
Worms
Example of Diseases Caused: trichinosis; infestations with roundworms, pinworms, hookworms
Bacteria can occur in what three shapes?
Round (cocci), Rod-shaped (bacilli), or Curved (including vibrios and spirochetes)
Describe Three Responses to Disease
INFLAMMATION: When cells are injured, they release chemicals that allow blood cells and fluids to move into the tissues.
PHAGOCYTOSIS: Certain white blood cells are capable of engulfing these materials and destroying them internally.
IMMUNITY: All our defenses against infectious disease.
What are the four signs of inflammation?
Heat
Pain
Redness
Swelling
Define Edema
A swelling or accumulation of fluid in the tissues
What is pus?
The remains of phagocytosis (fa-gow-sai-TOW-suhs) consisting of fluid and white blood cells.
Examples of inborn or innate protective mechanisms that are based on a person’s genetic makeup and do not require any previous exposure to a disease organism.
Inflammation, phagocytosis, mechanical barriers (such as intact skin and mucous membranes), as well as body secretions (such as stomach acid and enzymes in saliva and tears).
What is adaptive immunity, or acquired immunity?
Immunity that we develop during life from exposure to disease organisms.
Define neoplasm
NE-o-plazm
A tumor, or abnormal growth, which may be benign or malignant (root onc/o and suffix -oma refer to neoplasms).
A benign neoplasm does not spread, that is, undergo metastasis to other tissues, although it may cause damage at the site where it grows.
An invasive neoplasm that can metastasize to other tissues is termed malignant and is commonly called cancer.
Define carcinoma
kar-sih-NO-mah
A malignant neoplasm composed of epithelial cells (from Greek root carcino, meaning “crab”) (adjective: carcinomatous)
If the tumor arises in glandular epithelium, it is an adenocarcinoma (the root aden/o means “gland”); a cancer of pigmented epithelial cells (melanocytes) is a melanoma.
Define sarcoma
sar-KO-mah
A malignant neoplasm arising from connective tissue (from Greek root sarco, meaning “flesh”); adjective: sarcomatous
Define cyst
sist
A sac or pouch filled with fluid or semisolid material that is abnormal but not cancerous.
Causes of cyst formation include infection or blockage of a duct.
Define Gram stain
A laboratory staining procedure that divides bacteria into two groups: gram positive, which stains purple, and gram negative, which stains red.
Define hernia
HER-ne-ah
Protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening; commonly called a rupture.
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:
Alg/o, algi/o, algesi/o
Meaning: Pain
Example: Alglesia
Definition: Condition of having pain
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:
Carcin/o
Meaning: Cancer, Carcinoma
Example: Carcinoid
Definition: Resembling a carcinoma
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:
Cyst/o
Meaning: Filled sac or pouch, cyst, bladder
Example: Cystic
Definition: Pertaining to or having cysts
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:
Lith
Meaning: Calculus, Stone
Example: Lithiasis
Definition: Stone formation
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:
Onc/o
Meaning: Tumor
Example: Oncogenic
Definition: Causing a tumor
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:
Path/o
Meaning: Disease
Example: Pathogen
Definition: Organism that produces disease
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:
Py/o
Meaning: Pus
Example: Pyocyst
Definition: Cyst filled with pus
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:
Pyr/o, Pyret/o
Meaning: Fever, Fire
Example: Pyrexia
Definition: Fever
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:
Scler/o
Meaning: Hard
Example: Sclerosis
Definition: Hardening of tissue
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease:
Tox/o, Toxic/o
Meaning: Poison
Example: Endotoxin
Definition: Toxin within bacterial cells
Prefixes for Disease:
Brady-
Meaning: Slow
Example: Bradypnea (brad-ip-NE-ah)
Definition: Slow breathing (-pnea) rate
Prefixes for Disease:
Dys-
Meaning: Abnormal, Painful, Difficult
Example: Dysplasia (dis-PLA-je-ah)
Definition: Abnormal development (plas) of tissue.
Prefixes for Disease:
Mal-
Meaning: Bad, Poor
Example: Malabsorption
Definition: Poor absorption of nutrients
Prefixes for Disease:
Pachy-
Meaning: Thick
Example: Pachycephaly
Definition: Abnormal thickness of the skull
Prefixes for Disease:
Tachy-
Meaning: Rapid
Example: Tachycardia
Definition: Rapid heart (cardi/o) rate
Prefixes for Disease:
Xero-
Meaning: Dry
Example: Xeroderma (ze-ro-DER-mah)
Definition: Dryness of the skin
Suffixes for Disease:
-Algia, Algesia
Meaning: Pain
Example: Neuralgia
Definition: Pain in a nerve (neur/o)
Suffixes for Disease:
-Cele
Meaning: Hernia, Localized dilation
Example: Gastrocele
Definition: Hernia of the stomach (gastr/o)
Suffixes for Disease:
-Clasis, Clasia
Meaning: Breaking
Example: Karyoclasis
Definition: Breaking of the nucleus (kary/o)
Suffixes for Disease:
-Itis
Meaning: Inflammation
Example: Cystitis
Definition: Inflammation of the urinary bladder (cyst/o)
Suffixes for Disease:
-Megaly
Meaning: Enlargement
Example: Hepatomegaly
Definition: Enlargement of the liver
Suffixes for Disease:
-Odynia
Meaning: Pain
Example: Urodynia
Definition: Pain on urination (ur/o)
Suffixes for Disease:
-Oma
Meaning: Tumor
Example: Lipoma
Definition: Tumor of fat cells
Suffixes for Disease:
-Pathy
Meaning: Any disease of
Example: Nephropathy
Definition: Any disease of the kidney (nephr/o)
Suffixes for Disease:
-Rhage, Rhagia
Meaning: Bursting forth, Profuse flow
Example: Hemorrhage
Definition: Profuse flow of blood
Suffixes for Disease:
-Rhea
Meaning: Flow, Discharge
Example: Pyorrhea
Definition: Discharge of pus
Suffixes for Disease:
-Rhexis
Meaning: Rupture
Example: Amniorrhexis
Definition: Rupture of the amniotic sac
Suffixes for Disease:
-Schisis
Meaning: Fissure, Splitting
Example: Retinoschisis
Definition: Splitting of the retina of the eye
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:
Dilation, Dilatation
Meaning: Expansion, Widening
Example: Vasodilation
Definition: Widening of blood vessels (vas/o)
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:
Ectasia, Extasis
Meaning: Dilation, Dilatation, Distension
Example: Gastectasia
Definition: Dilation of the stomach (gastr/o)
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:
-Edema
Meaning: Accumulation of fluid, Swelling
Example: Cephaledema
Definition: Swelling of the head
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:
Lysis
Meaning: Separation, Loosening, Dissolving, Destruction
Example: Dialysis
Definition: Separation of substances by passage through (dia-) a membrane
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:
Malacia
Meaning: Softening
Example: Craniomalacia
Definition: Softening of the skull
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:
Necrosis
Meaning: Death of tissue
Example: Osteonecrosis
Definition: Death of bone (oste/o) tissue
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:
Ptosis
Meaning: Dropping, Downward displacement, Prolapse
Example: Blepharoptosis
Definition: Dropping or drooping of the eyelid (blephar/o)
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:
Sclerosis
Meaning: Hardening
Example: Phlebosclerosis
Definition: Hardening of veins (phleb/o)
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:
Splasm
Meaning: Sudden contraction, Cramp
Example: Arteriospasm
Definition: Spasm of an artery
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:
Stasis
Meaning: Suppression, Stoppage
Example: Menostasis
Definition: Suppression of menstrual (men/o) flow
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:
Stenosis
Meaning: Narrowing, Constriction
Example: Bronchostenosis
Definition: Narrowing of a bronchus (air passageway)
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes:
Toxin
Meaning: Poison
Example: Nephrotoxin
Definition: Substance poisonous or harmful for the kidneys
Prefixes for Infectious Diseases:
Staphylo-
Meaning: Grape-like cluster
Example: Staphylococcus
Definition: A round bacterium that forms clusters
Prefixes for Infectious Diseases:
Strepto-
Meaning: Chain
Example: Streptobacillus
Definition: A rod-shaped bacterium that forms chains.
Roots for Infectious Diseases:
Bacill/i, Bacill/o
Meaning: Bacillus
Example: Bacilluria
Definition: Bacilli in the urine (-uria)
Roots for Infectious Diseases:
Bacteri/o
Meaning: Bacterium
Example: Bacteriostatic
Definition: Stopping (stasis) the growth of bacteria.
Roots for Infectious Diseases:
Myc/o
Meaning: Fungus, Mold
Example: Mycotic
Definition: Pertaining to a fungus
Roots for Infectious Diseases:
Vir/o
Meaning: Virus
Example: Viremia
Definition: Presence of viruses in the blood (-emia)
Enrichment Terms for Disease:
acid-fast stain
A laboratory staining procedure used mainly to identify the tuberculosis (TB) organism.
Enrichment Terms for Disease:
communicable (ko-MUN-ih-kah-bl)
Capable of passing from one person to another, such as an infectious disease.
Enrichment Terms for Disease:
endemic (en-DEM-ik)
Occurring at a low level but continuously in a given region, such as the common cold (from en-, meaning “in” and Greek demos, meaning “people”).
Enrichment Terms for Disease:
epidemic (ep-ih-DEM-ik)
Affecting many people in a given region at the same time, a disease that breaks out in a large proportion of a population at a given time.
Enrichment Terms for Disease:
Exacerbation (eks-zas-er-BA-shun)
Worsening of disease, increase in severity of a disease or its symptoms.
Enrichment Terms for Disease:
iatrogenic (i-at-ro-JEN-ik)
Caused by the effects of treatment (from Greek root iatro-, meaning “physician”).
Enrichment Terms for Disease:
idiopathic (id-e-o-PATH-ik)
Having no known cause (root idio means “self-originating”).
Enrichment Terms for Disease:
in situ (in SI-tu)
Localized, noninvasive (literally “in position”); said of tumors that do not spread, such as carcinoma in situ (CIS).
Enrichment Terms for Disease:
normal flora (FLO-rah)
The microorganisms that normally live on or in the body and are generally harmless and often beneficial but can cause disease under special circumstances, such as injury or failure of the immune system.
Enrichment Terms for Disease:
nosocomial (nos-o-KO-me-al)
Describing an infection acquired in a hospital (root nos/o means “disease,” and comial refers to a hospital), which can be a serious problem, especially if it is resistant to antibiotics, such as strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA).
Enrichment Terms for Disease:
opportunistic (op-por-tu-NIS-tik)
Describing an infection that occurs because of a host’s poor or altered condition.
Enrichment Terms for Disease:
pandemic (pan-DEM-ik)
Describing a disease that is prevalent throughout an entire region or the world; for example, AIDS is pandemic in certain regions of the world.
Enrichment Terms for Disease:
remission (re-MISH-un)
A lessening of disease symptoms, the period during which such lessening occurs.
Enrichment Terms for Disease:
septicemia (sep-tih-SE-me-ah)
Presence of pathogenic bacteria in the blood, blood poisoning.
Enrichment Terms for Disease:
systemic (sis-TEM-ik)
Pertaining to the whole body.
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:
abscess (AB-ses)
A localized collection of pus.
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:
adhesion (ad-HE-zhun)
A uniting of two surfaces or parts that may normally be separated.
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:
anaplasia (ah-nah-PLA-ze-ah)
Lack of normal differentiation, as shown by cancer cells.
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:
ascites (a-SI-teze)
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:
cellulitis (sel-u-LI-tis)
A spreading inflammation of tissue.
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:
effusion (eh-FU-zhun)
Escape of fluid into a cavity or other body part.
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:
exudate (EKS-u-date)
Material that escapes from blood vessels as a result of tissue injury.
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:
fissure (FISH-ur)
A groove or split.
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:
gangrene (GANG-grene)
Death of tissue, usually caused by lack of blood supply; may be associated with bacterial infection and decomposition.
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:
hyperplasia (hi-per-PLA-ze-ah)
Excessive growth of normal cells in normal arrangement.
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:
hypertrophy (hi-PER-tro-fe)
An increase in the size of an organ without increase in the number of cells; may result from an increase in activity, as in muscles.
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:
induration (in-du-RA-shun)
Hardening, an abnormally hard spot or place.
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:
metaplasia (met-ah-PLA-ze-ah)
Conversion of cells to a form that is not normal for that tissue (prefix meta- means “change”).
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:
polyp (POL-ip)
A tumor attached by a thin stalk.
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:
purulent (PUR-u-lent)
Forming or containing pus.
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease:
suppuration (sup-u-RA-shun)
Pus formation
What is Medical Diagnosis?
The determination of the nature and cause of an illness.
What does medical diagnosis begin with?
Diagnosis begins with a patient history. This includes a history of the present illness with a description of symptoms (evidence of disease), a past medical history, and a family and a social history.
What techniques do practitioners use in a physical examination?
Inspection: visual examination
Palpation: touching the surface of the body with the hands or fingers
Percussion: tapping the body to evaluate tissue according to the sounds produced
Auscultation: listening to body sounds with a stethoscope
What are Vital Signs?
Measurements that reflect basic functions necessary to maintain life.
What is included in Vital Signs?
Temperature (T).
Pulse rate, measured in beats per minute (bpm). Pulse rate normally corresponds to the heart rate (HR), the number of times the heart beats per minute.
Respiration rate (R), measured in breaths per minute.
Blood pressure (BP), measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and recorded when the heart is contracting (systolic pressure) and relaxing (diastolic pressure).
What is an ophthalmoscope?
of-THAL-mo-skope
An instrument for examining the interior of the eye
What is an otoscope
O-to-skope
Instrument used to examine the ears
Define Biopsy:
Removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic examination
Biopsy specimens can be obtained by:
Needle withdrawal (aspiration) of fluid, as from the chest or from a cyst
A small punch, as of the skin
Endoscopy, as from the respiratory or digestive tract
Surgical removal, as of a tumor or node
What is radiography (ra-de-OG-rah-fe)?
An imaging technique in which a machine beams x-rays (a form of radiation) through the body onto a piece of film. The resulting image is called a radiograph. Dark areas indicate where the beam passed through the body and exposed the film, whereas light areas show where the beam did not pass through.
What is computed tomography?
With a CT scan, a machine revolves around the patient, beaming x-rays through the body onto a detector. The detector takes numerous images of the beam and a computer assembles them into transverse sections, or “slices.” Unlike conventional radiography, CT produces clear images of soft structures such as the brain, liver, and lungs. It is commonly used to visualize brain injuries and tumors and even blood vessels when used with contrast media.
What is magnetic resonance imaging?
MRI uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves. The patient undergoing MRI lies inside a chamber within a very powerful magnet. The molecules in the patient’s soft tissues align with the magnetic field inside the chamber. When radio waves hit the soft tissue, the aligned molecules emit energy that the MRI machine detects, and a computer converts these signals into an image. MRI produces even clearer images of soft tissue than does CT and can create detailed views of blood vessels without contrast media. MRI can visualize brain injuries and tumors that might be missed using CT.
Define palliative therapy
PAL-e-ah-tiv
Providing relief but not cure; a treatment that provides such relief
Define Prognosis
prog-NO-sis
Prediction of a disease’s course and outcome
What is holistic health care?
ho-LIS-tik
Practice of treating a person as a whole entity with physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs; it stresses comprehensive care, involvement in one’s own care, and the maintenance of good health rather than the treatment of disease.
What two methods do Oncologists (cancer specialists) use to classify cancers, select and evaluate therapy, and estimate disease outcome.
Grading and Staging
Describe the “grading” method used by oncologists.
Grading is based on histologic (tissue) changes observed in tumor cells when they are examined microscopically. Grades increase from I to IV with increasing cellular abnormality.
Describe the “staging” method used by oncologists.
Staging is a procedure for establishing the clinical extent of tumor spread, both at the original site and in other parts of the body (metastases). The TNM system is commonly used. These letters stand for primary tumor (T), regional lymph nodes (N), and distant metastases (M). Evaluation in these categories varies for each type of tumor. Based on TNM results, a stage ranging in severity from I to IV is assigned. Cancers of the blood, lymphatic system, and nervous system are evaluated by different standards.
Define anesthesia
an-es-THE-ze-ah
Loss of the ability to feel pain, as by administration of a drug.
Define auscultation
aws-kul-TA-shun
Listening for sounds within the body, usually within the chest or abdomen
Define biopsy
BI-op-se
Removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic examination
Define cautery
KAW-ter-e
Destruction of tissue by a damaging agent, such as a harmful chemical, heat, or electric current (electrocautery); cauterization
Define chemotherapy
ke-mo-THER-ah-pe
Use of chemicals to treat disease; the term is often applied specifically to the treatment of cancer with chemicals
Define endoscope
EN-do-skope
An instrument for examining the inside of an organ or cavity through a body opening or small incision; most endoscopes use fiber optics for viewing
Define excision
ek-SIZH-un
Removal by cutting (suffix: -ectomy)
fixation
fik-SA-shun
Holding or fastening a structure in a firm position (suffix: -pexy)
Define grading
GRA-ding
A method for evaluating a tumor based on microscopic examination of the cells
Define immunotherapy
im-u-no-THER-ah-pe
Treatment that involves stimulation or suppression of the immune system, either specifically or nonspecifically
Define incision
in-SIZH-un
A cut, as for surgery; also the act of cutting (suffix: -tomy)
Define ophthalmoscope
of-THAL-mo-skope
An instrument for examining the interior of the eye
Define otoscope
O-to-skope
Instrument used to examine the ears
Define palpation
pal-PA-shun
Examining by placing the hands or fingers on the surface of the body to determine characteristics such as texture, temperature, movement, and consistency
Define percussion
per-KUSH-un
Tapping the body lightly but sharply to assess the condition of the underlying tissue by the sounds obtained
Define sphygmomanometer
sfig-mo-mah-NOM-eh-ter
Blood pressure apparatus or blood pressure cuff; pressure is read in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) when the heart is contracting (systolic pressure) and when the heart is relaxing (diastolic pressure) and is reported as systolic/diastolic
Define suture
SU-chur
To unite parts by stitching them together; also the thread or other material used in that process or the seam formed by surgical stitching
Define homeopathy
ho-me-OP-ah-the
A philosophy of treating disease by administering drugs in highly diluted form along with promoting healthy life habits and a healthy environment (from home/o, meaning “same,” and path/o, meaning “disease”)
Define naturopathy
na-chur-OP-ah-the
A therapeutic philosophy of helping people heal themselves by developing healthy lifestyles; naturopaths may use some of the methods of conventional medicine (from nature and path/o, meaning “disease”)
Define osteopathy
os-te-OP-ah-the
A system of therapy based on the theory that the body can overcome disease when it has normal structure, a favorable environment, and proper nutrition; osteopaths use standard medical practices for diagnosis and treatment but stress the identification and correction of faulty body structure (from oste/o, meaning “bone,” and path/o, meaning “disease”)
Roots for Physical Forces:
Aer/o
Meaning: Air, Gas
Example: Aerobic
Definition: Pertaining to or requiring air (oxygen)
Roots for Physical Forces:
Bar/o
Meaning: Pressure
Example: Barometer
Definition: Instrument used to measure pressure
Roots for Physical Forces:
Chrom/o, Chromat/o
Meaning: Color, Stain
Example: Chromatic
Definition: Having color
Roots for Physical Forces:
Chron/o
Meaning: Time
Example: Chronologic
Definition: Arranged according to time of occurrence
Roots for Physical Forces:
Cry/o
Meaning: Cold
Example: Cryoprobe
Definition: Instrument used to apply extreme cold
Roots for Physical Forces:
Electr/o
Meaning: Electricity
Example: Electrolysis
Definition: Decomposition of a substance by means of electric current
Roots for Physical Forces:
Erg/o
Meaning: Work
Example: Synergistic
Definition: Working together with increased effect, such as certain drugs in combination
Roots for Physical Forces:
Phon/o
Meaning: Sound, Voice
Example: Phonograph
Definition: Instrument used to reproduce sound
Roots for Physical Forces:
Phot/o
Meaning: Light
Example: Photoreaction
Definition: Response to light
Roots for Physical Forces:
Radi/o
Meaning: Radiation, X-ray
Example: Radiology
Definition: Study and use of radiation
Roots for Physical Forces:
Son/o
Meaning: Sound
Example: Sonogram
Definition: Record obtained by use of ultrasound
Roots for Physical Forces:
Therm/o
Meaning: Heat, Temperature
Example: Hypothermia
Definition: Abnormally low body temperature
Suffixes for Diagnosis:
-Graph
Meaning: Instrument for recording data
Example: Polygraph
Definition: Instrument used to record many physiologic responses simultaneously; lie detector.
Suffixes for Diagnosis:
-Graphy
Meaning: Act of recording data
Example: echography
Definition: recording data obtained by ultrasound
Suffixes for Diagnosis:
-Gram
Meaning: a record of data
Example: electrocardiogram
Definition: record of the heart’s electrical activity
Suffixes for Diagnosis:
-Meter
Meaning: Instrument for measuring
Example: calorimeter
Definition: instrument for measuring the caloric energy of food.
Suffixes for Diagnosis:
-Metry
Meaning: measurement of
Example: audiometry
Definition: measurement of hearing (audi/o); root metr/o means measure
Suffixes for Diagnosis:
-Scope
Meaning: instrument for viewing or examining
Example: bronchoscope
Definition: instrument for examining the bronchi (breathing passages)
Suffixes for Diagnosis:
-Scopy
Meaning: examination of
Example: celioscopy
Definition: examination of the abdominal cavity (celi/o)
Suffixes for Surgery:
-Centesis
Meaning: puncture, tap
Example: thoracentesis
Definition: puncture of the chest
Suffixes for Surgery:
-Desis
Meaning: binding, fusion
Example: pleurodesis
Definition: binding of the pleura (membranes around the lungs)
Suffixes for Surgery:
-Ectomy
Meaning: excision, surgical removal
Example: hepatectomy
Definition: excision of livertissue (hepat/o)
Suffixes for Surgery:
-Pexy
Meaning: surgical fixation
Example: hysteropexy
Definition: surgical fixation of the uterus (hyster/o)
Suffixes for Surgery:
-Plasty
Meaning: plastic repair, plastic surgery, reconstruction
Example: rhinoplasty
Definition: plastic surgery of the nose (rhin/o)
Suffixes for Surgery:
-Rhaphy
Meaning: surgical repair, suture
Example: herniorrhaphy
Definition: surgical repair of a hernia
Suffixes for Surgery:
-Stomy
Meaning: surgical creation of an opening
Example: tracheostomy
Definition: creation of an opening in the trachea
Suffixes for Surgery:
-Tome
Meaning: instrument for incising (cutting)
Example: microtome
Definition: instrument for cutting thin sections of tissue for microscopic study
Suffixes for Surgery:
-Tomy
Meaning: incision, cutting
Example: laparotomy
Definition: surgical incision of the abdomen (lapar/o)
Suffixes for Surgery:
-Tripsy
Meaning: crushing
Example: neurotripsy
Definition: crushing of a nerve
Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:
clubbing
KLUB-ing
Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes because of soft-tissue growth of the nails; seen in a variety of diseases, especially lung and heart diseases
Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:
colic
KOL-ik
Acute abdominal pain associated with smooth muscle spasms
Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:
cyanosis
si-ah-NO-sis
Bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen
Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:
diaphoresis
di-ah-fo-RE-sis
Profuse sweating
Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:
malaise
mah-LAZE
A feeling of discomfort or uneasiness, often indicative of infection or other disease (from French, meaning “discomfort,” using the prefix mal-, meaning “bad”)
Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:
nocturnal
nok-TUR-nal
Pertaining to or occurring at night (roots noct/i and nyct/o mean “night”)
Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:
pallor
PAL-or
Paleness, lack of color
Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:
prodrome
PRO-drome
A symptom indicating an approaching disease
Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:
sequela
seh-KWEL-ah
A lasting effect of a disease (plural: sequelae)
Enrichment Terms - Symptoms:
syncope
SIN-ko-pe
A temporary loss of consciousness because of inadequate blood flow to the brain, fainting
Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis:
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
AL-fah-fe-to-PRO-tene
A fetal protein that appears in the blood of adults with certain types of cancer
Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis:
bruit
brwe
A sound, usually abnormal, heard in auscultation
Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis:
facies
FA-she-eze
The expression or appearance of the face
Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis:
febrile
FEB-ril
Pertaining to fever
Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis:
nuclear medicine
The branch of medicine concerned with the use of radioactive substances (radionuclides) for diagnosis, therapy, and research
Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis:
radiology
ra-de-OL-o-je
The branch of medicine that uses radiation, such as x-rays, in the diagnosis and treatment of disease; a specialist in this field is a radiologist
Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis:
radionuclide
ra-de-o-NU-klide
A substance that gives off radiation; used for diagnosis and treatment; also called radioisotope or radiopharmaceutical
Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis:
speculum
SPEK-u-lum
An instrument for examining a canal
Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis:
syndrome
SIN-drome
A group of signs and symptoms that together characterize a disease condition
Enrichment Terms - Treatment:
catheter
KATH-eh-ter
A thin tube that can be passed into the body; used to remove fluids from or introduce fluids into a body cavity
Enrichment Terms - Treatment:
clysis
KLI-sis
The introduction of fluid into the body, other than orally, as into the rectum or abdominal cavity; also refers to the solution thus used
Enrichment Terms - Treatment:
irrigation
ir-ih-GA-shun
Flushing of a tube, cavity, or area with a fluid
Enrichment Terms - Treatment:
lavage
lah-VAJ
The washing out of a cavity, irrigation
Enrichment Terms - Treatment:
normal saline (NS) SA-lenesolution (PSS)
A salt (NaCl) solution compatible with living cells, also called physiologic saline
Enrichment Terms - Treatment:
paracentesis
par-ah-sen-TE-sis
Puncture of a cavity for removal of fluid
Enrichment Terms - Treatment:
prophylaxis
pro-fih-LAK-sis
Prevention of disease
Enrichment Terms - Surgery:
drain
Device for allowing matter to escape from a wound or cavity; common types include Penrose (cigarette), T-tube, Jackson–Pratt (J-P), and Hemovac
Enrichment Terms - Surgery:
ligature
LIG-ah-chur
A tie or bandage, the process of binding or tying (also called ligation)
Enrichment Terms - Surgery:
resection
re-SEK-shun
Partial excision of a structure
Enrichment Terms - Surgery:
stapling
STA-pling
In surgery, the joining of tissue by using wire staples that are pushed through the tissue and then bent
Enrichment Terms - Surgery:
Prevention of disease
Symbols:
1°
primary
Symbols:
2°
secondary (to)
Symbols:
Δ
change
Symbols:
Ⓛ, Ⓡ
left & right
Symbols:
↑, ↓
increase(d) and decrease(d)
Symbols:
∧, ∨
above & below
Symbols:
±
doubtful, slight
Define Drug
a substance that alters body function
Define Anaphylaxis
an-ah-fih-LAK-sis
An extreme allergic reaction that can lead to respiratory distress, circulatory collapse, and death
Define Synergy
SIN-er-je
Combined action of two or more drugs working together to produce an effect greater than any of the drugs could produce when acting alone; also called synergism (SIN-er-jizm); adjective: synergistic (sin-er-JIS-tik)
Define Potentiation
po-ten-she-A-shun
Increased potency created by two drugs acting together
Define Antagonist
an-TAG-o-nist
A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug
What is a generic drug name?
The generic name is usually a simple version of the chemical name for the drug and is not capitalized.
Define Phytomedicine
fi-to-MED-ih-sin
Another name for herbal medicine (root phyt/o meaning “plant”)
Define Contraindication
kon-trah-in-dih-KA-shun
A factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous
What are the two Routes of Drug Administration?
Absorption and Injection
Absorption Methods of Drug Administration
Absorption: taken into the circulation through the digestive tract or by transfer across another membrane.
Inhalation: through respiratory system.
Instillation: liquid is dropped or poured slowly into a body cavity or on the surface of the body, such as into the ear or onto the eye.
Oral: by mouth
Rectal: administered by rectal suppository or enema
Sublingual (SL): administered under the tongue
Topical: applied to the surface of the skin
Transdermal: absorbed through the skin, as from a patch
Injection Methods of Drug Administration:
Injection: administered by a needle and syringe
Epidural: injected into the space between the meninges (membranes around the spinal cord) and the spine
Hypodermoclysis: administration of a solution by subcutaneous infusion; useful for fluid delivery as an alternative for intravenous infusion
Intradermal (ID): injected into the skin
Intramuscular (IM): injected into a muscle
Intravenous (IV): injected into a vein
Spinal (intrathecal): injected through the meninges into the spinal fluid
Subcutaneous (SC): injected beneath the skin; hypodermic
Suffixes Pertaining to Drugs:
-lytic
Meaning: Dissolving, Reducing, Loosening
Example: Thrombolytic
Definition: Agent that dissoles a blood cot (thrombus)
Suffixes Pertaining to Drugs:
-mimetic
Meaning: Mimicking, Simulating
Example: Sympathomimetic
Definition: Mimicking the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
Suffixes Pertaining to Drugs:
-Tropic
Meaning: Acting on
Example: Psychotropic
Definition: Acting on the mind (psych/o)
Prefixes Pertaining to Drugs:
Anti-
Meaning: Against
Example: Antiemetic
Definition: A drug that prevents vomiting (emesis)
Prefixes Pertaining to Drugs:
Contra-
Meaning: Against, Opposite, Opposed
Example: Contraceptive
Definition: Preventing conception
Prefixes Pertaining to Drugs:
Contra-
Meaning: Against, Opposed
Example: Countertransport
Definition: Movement in an opposite direction
Roots Pertaining to Drugs:
Alg/o, Algi/o, Algesi/o
Meaning: Pain
Example: Algesia
Definition: Sense of pain
Roots Pertaining to Drugs:
Chem/o
Meaning: Chemical
Example: Chemotherapy
Definition: Treatment with drugs
Roots Pertaining to Drugs:
Hypn/o
Meaning: Sleep
Example: Hypnosis
Definition: Induced state of sleep
Roots Pertaining to Drugs:
Narc/o
Meaning: Stupor
Example: Narcotic
Definition: Agent that induces a state of stupor with decreased sensation
Roots Pertaining to Drugs:
Pharm, Pharmac/o
Meaning: Drug, Medicine
Example: Pharmacy
Definition: The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, or the place where these activities occur.
Roots Pertaining to Drugs:
Pyr/o, Pyret/o
Meaning: Fever
Example: Antipyretic
Definition: Counteracting fever
Roots Pertaining to Drugs:
Tox/o, Toxic/o
Meaning: Poison, Toxin
Example: Toxicity
Definition: State of being poisonous
Roots Pertaining to Drugs:
Vas/o
Meaning: Vessel
Example: Vasodilation
Definition: Widening of a vessel
