Med Term - Ch 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Infectious Diseases?

A

Diseases caused by certain harmful microorganisms and other parasites that live at the expense of another organism.

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2
Q

Define Pathogen

A

(PATH-o-jen) An organism capable of causing disease (root path/o means “disease”)

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3
Q

What are Degenerative diseases?

A

Diseases that result from wear and tear, aging, or trauma (injury) that can lead to a lesion (wound) and perhaps necrosis (death of tissue).

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4
Q

Examples of degenerative Diseases

A

Common examples include arthritis, cardiovascular problems, and certain respiratory disorders such as emphysema.

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5
Q

Define Neoplasia

A

(ne-o-PLA-ze-ah) An abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue; from prefix neo- meaning “new” and root plasm meaning “formation”

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6
Q

What are Immune Disorders?

A

These include failures of the immune system, allergies, and autoimmune diseases, in which the body makes antibodies to its own tissues.

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7
Q

What are Metabolic disorders?

A

Disorders that result from lack of enzymes or other factors needed for cellular functions. Many hereditary disorders fall into this category. Malnutrition caused by inadequate intake of nutrients or inability of the body to absorb and use nutrients also upsets metabolism.

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8
Q

What are Hormonal disorders?

A

Disorders caused by underproduction or overproduction of hormones or by an inability of the hormones to function properly. One common example is diabetes mellitus.

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9
Q

What are Mental and emotional disorders?

A

Mental and emotional disorders affect the mind and adaptation of an individual to his or her environment.

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10
Q

Define Etiology

A

(e-te-OL-o-je) The cause of a disease

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11
Q

Define Sepsis

A

(SEP-sis) The presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the blood or other tissues; adjective: septic

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12
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

bacteria (bak-TE-re-ah)

A

Simple microscopic organisms that are widespread throughout the world, some can produce disease; singular: bacterium (bak-TE-re-um)

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13
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

cocci (KOK-si)

A

Round bacteria; may be in clusters (staphylococci), chains (streptococci), and other formations; singular: coccus (KOK-us)

Example of Diseases Caused: pneumonia, rheumatic fever, food poisoning, septicemia, urinary tract infections, gonorrhea

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14
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

bacilli (bah-SIL-i)

A

Rod-shaped bacteria; singular: bacillus (ba-SIL-us)

Example of Diseases Caused: typhoid, dysentery, salmonellosis, tuberculosis, botulism, tetanus

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15
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

vibrios (VIB-re-oze)

A

Short curved rods

Example of Diseases Caused: cholera, gastroenteritis

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16
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

spirochetes (SPI-ro-ketze)

A

Corkscrew-shaped bacteria that move with a twisting motion

Example of Diseases Caused: Lyme disease, syphilis, Vincent disease

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17
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

chlamydia (klah-MID-e-ah)

A

Extremely small bacteria with complex life cycles that grow in living cells but, unlike viruses, are susceptible to antibiotics

Example of Diseases Caused: conjunctivitis, trachoma, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

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18
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

rickettsia (rih-KET-se-ah)

A

Extremely small bacteria that grow in living cells but are susceptible to antibiotics

Example of Diseases Caused: typhus, Rocky Mountain spotted fever

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19
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

viruses (VI-rus-es)

A

Submicroscopic infectious agents that can live and reproduce only within living cells

Example of Diseases Caused: colds, herpes, hepatitis, measles, varicella (chickenpox), influenza, AIDS

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20
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

fungi (FUN-ji)

A

Simple, nongreen plants, some of which are parasitic; includes yeasts and molds; singular: fungus (FUN-gus)

Example of Diseases Caused: candidiasis, skin infections (tinea, ringworm), valley fever

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21
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

protozoa (pro-to-ZO-ah)

A

Single-celled animals; singular: protozoon (pro-to-ZO-on)

Example of Diseases Caused: dysentery, Trichomonas infection, malaria

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22
Q

COMMON INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS:

helminths (HEL-minths)

A

Worms

Example of Diseases Caused: trichinosis; infestations with roundworms, pinworms, hookworms

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23
Q

Bacteria can occur in what three shapes?

A

Round (cocci), Rod-shaped (bacilli), or Curved (including vibrios and spirochetes)

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24
Q

Describe Three Responses to Disease

A

INFLAMMATION: When cells are injured, they release chemicals that allow blood cells and fluids to move into the tissues.

PHAGOCYTOSIS: Certain white blood cells are capable of engulfing these materials and destroying them internally.

IMMUNITY: All our defenses against infectious disease.

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25
What are the four signs of inflammation?
Heat Pain Redness Swelling
26
Define Edema
A swelling or accumulation of fluid in the tissues
27
What is pus?
The remains of phagocytosis (fa-gow-sai-TOW-suhs) consisting of fluid and white blood cells.
28
Examples of inborn or innate protective mechanisms that are based on a person’s genetic makeup and do not require any previous exposure to a disease organism.
Inflammation, phagocytosis, mechanical barriers (such as intact skin and mucous membranes), as well as body secretions (such as stomach acid and enzymes in saliva and tears).
29
What is adaptive immunity, or acquired immunity?
Immunity that we develop during life from exposure to disease organisms.
30
Define neoplasm | NE-o-plazm
A tumor, or abnormal growth, which may be benign or malignant (root onc/o and suffix -oma refer to neoplasms). A benign neoplasm does not spread, that is, undergo metastasis to other tissues, although it may cause damage at the site where it grows. An invasive neoplasm that can metastasize to other tissues is termed malignant and is commonly called cancer.
31
Define carcinoma | kar-sih-NO-mah
A malignant neoplasm composed of epithelial cells (from Greek root carcino, meaning “crab”) (adjective: carcinomatous) If the tumor arises in glandular epithelium, it is an adenocarcinoma (the root aden/o means “gland”); a cancer of pigmented epithelial cells (melanocytes) is a melanoma.
32
Define sarcoma | sar-KO-mah
A malignant neoplasm arising from connective tissue (from Greek root sarco, meaning “flesh”); adjective: sarcomatous
33
Define cyst | sist
A sac or pouch filled with fluid or semisolid material that is abnormal but not cancerous. Causes of cyst formation include infection or blockage of a duct.
34
Define Gram stain
A laboratory staining procedure that divides bacteria into two groups: gram positive, which stains purple, and gram negative, which stains red.
35
Define hernia | HER-ne-ah
Protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening; commonly called a rupture.
36
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease: Alg/o, algi/o, algesi/o
Meaning: Pain Example: Alglesia Definition: Condition of having pain
37
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease: Carcin/o
Meaning: Cancer, Carcinoma Example: Carcinoid Definition: Resembling a carcinoma
38
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease: Cyst/o
Meaning: Filled sac or pouch, cyst, bladder Example: Cystic Definition: Pertaining to or having cysts
39
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease: Lith
Meaning: Calculus, Stone Example: Lithiasis Definition: Stone formation
40
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease: Onc/o
Meaning: Tumor Example: Oncogenic Definition: Causing a tumor
41
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease: Path/o
Meaning: Disease Example: Pathogen Definition: Organism that produces disease
42
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease: Py/o
Meaning: Pus Example: Pyocyst Definition: Cyst filled with pus
43
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease: Pyr/o, Pyret/o
Meaning: Fever, Fire Example: Pyrexia Definition: Fever
44
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease: Scler/o
Meaning: Hard Example: Sclerosis Definition: Hardening of tissue
45
Word Parts Pertaining to Disease: Tox/o, Toxic/o
Meaning: Poison Example: Endotoxin Definition: Toxin within bacterial cells
46
Prefixes for Disease: Brady-
Meaning: Slow Example: Bradypnea (brad-ip-NE-ah) Definition: Slow breathing (-pnea) rate
47
Prefixes for Disease: Dys-
Meaning: Abnormal, Painful, Difficult Example: Dysplasia (dis-PLA-je-ah) Definition: Abnormal development (plas) of tissue.
48
Prefixes for Disease: Mal-
Meaning: Bad, Poor Example: Malabsorption Definition: Poor absorption of nutrients
49
Prefixes for Disease: Pachy-
Meaning: Thick Example: Pachycephaly Definition: Abnormal thickness of the skull
50
Prefixes for Disease: Tachy-
Meaning: Rapid Example: Tachycardia Definition: Rapid heart (cardi/o) rate
51
Prefixes for Disease: Xero-
Meaning: Dry Example: Xeroderma (ze-ro-DER-mah) Definition: Dryness of the skin
52
Suffixes for Disease: -Algia, Algesia
Meaning: Pain Example: Neuralgia Definition: Pain in a nerve (neur/o)
53
Suffixes for Disease: -Cele
Meaning: Hernia, Localized dilation Example: Gastrocele Definition: Hernia of the stomach (gastr/o)
54
Suffixes for Disease: -Clasis, Clasia
Meaning: Breaking Example: Karyoclasis Definition: Breaking of the nucleus (kary/o)
55
Suffixes for Disease: -Itis
Meaning: Inflammation Example: Cystitis Definition: Inflammation of the urinary bladder (cyst/o)
56
Suffixes for Disease: -Megaly
Meaning: Enlargement Example: Hepatomegaly Definition: Enlargement of the liver
57
Suffixes for Disease: -Odynia
Meaning: Pain Example: Urodynia Definition: Pain on urination (ur/o)
58
Suffixes for Disease: -Oma
Meaning: Tumor Example: Lipoma Definition: Tumor of fat cells
59
Suffixes for Disease: -Pathy
Meaning: Any disease of Example: Nephropathy Definition: Any disease of the kidney (nephr/o)
60
Suffixes for Disease: -Rhage, Rhagia
Meaning: Bursting forth, Profuse flow Example: Hemorrhage Definition: Profuse flow of blood
61
Suffixes for Disease: -Rhea
Meaning: Flow, Discharge Example: Pyorrhea Definition: Discharge of pus
62
Suffixes for Disease: -Rhexis
Meaning: Rupture Example: Amniorrhexis Definition: Rupture of the amniotic sac
63
Suffixes for Disease: -Schisis
Meaning: Fissure, Splitting Example: Retinoschisis Definition: Splitting of the retina of the eye
64
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes: Dilation, Dilatation
Meaning: Expansion, Widening Example: Vasodilation Definition: Widening of blood vessels (vas/o)
65
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes: Ectasia, Extasis
Meaning: Dilation, Dilatation, Distension Example: Gastectasia Definition: Dilation of the stomach (gastr/o)
66
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes: -Edema
Meaning: Accumulation of fluid, Swelling Example: Cephaledema Definition: Swelling of the head
67
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes: Lysis
Meaning: Separation, Loosening, Dissolving, Destruction Example: Dialysis Definition: Separation of substances by passage through (dia-) a membrane
68
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes: Malacia
Meaning: Softening Example: Craniomalacia Definition: Softening of the skull
69
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes: Necrosis
Meaning: Death of tissue Example: Osteonecrosis Definition: Death of bone (oste/o) tissue
70
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes: Ptosis
Meaning: Dropping, Downward displacement, Prolapse Example: Blepharoptosis Definition: Dropping or drooping of the eyelid (blephar/o)
71
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes: Sclerosis
Meaning: Hardening Example: Phlebosclerosis Definition: Hardening of veins (phleb/o)
72
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes: Splasm
Meaning: Sudden contraction, Cramp Example: Arteriospasm Definition: Spasm of an artery
73
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes: Stasis
Meaning: Suppression, Stoppage Example: Menostasis Definition: Suppression of menstrual (men/o) flow
74
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes: Stenosis
Meaning: Narrowing, Constriction Example: Bronchostenosis Definition: Narrowing of a bronchus (air passageway)
75
Words for Disease Use as Suffixes: Toxin
Meaning: Poison Example: Nephrotoxin Definition: Substance poisonous or harmful for the kidneys
76
Prefixes for Infectious Diseases: Staphylo-
Meaning: Grape-like cluster Example: Staphylococcus Definition: A round bacterium that forms clusters
77
Prefixes for Infectious Diseases: Strepto-
Meaning: Chain Example: Streptobacillus Definition: A rod-shaped bacterium that forms chains.
78
Roots for Infectious Diseases: Bacill/i, Bacill/o
Meaning: Bacillus Example: Bacilluria Definition: Bacilli in the urine (-uria)
79
Roots for Infectious Diseases: Bacteri/o
Meaning: Bacterium Example: Bacteriostatic Definition: Stopping (stasis) the growth of bacteria.
80
Roots for Infectious Diseases: Myc/o
Meaning: Fungus, Mold Example: Mycotic Definition: Pertaining to a fungus
81
Roots for Infectious Diseases: Vir/o
Meaning: Virus Example: Viremia Definition: Presence of viruses in the blood (-emia)
82
Enrichment Terms for Disease: acid-fast stain
A laboratory staining procedure used mainly to identify the tuberculosis (TB) organism.
83
Enrichment Terms for Disease: communicable (ko-MUN-ih-kah-bl)
Capable of passing from one person to another, such as an infectious disease.
84
Enrichment Terms for Disease: endemic (en-DEM-ik)
Occurring at a low level but continuously in a given region, such as the common cold (from en-, meaning “in” and Greek demos, meaning “people”).
85
Enrichment Terms for Disease: epidemic (ep-ih-DEM-ik)
Affecting many people in a given region at the same time, a disease that breaks out in a large proportion of a population at a given time.
86
Enrichment Terms for Disease: Exacerbation (eks-zas-er-BA-shun)
Worsening of disease, increase in severity of a disease or its symptoms.
87
Enrichment Terms for Disease: iatrogenic (i-at-ro-JEN-ik)
Caused by the effects of treatment (from Greek root iatro-, meaning “physician”).
88
Enrichment Terms for Disease: idiopathic (id-e-o-PATH-ik)
Having no known cause (root idio means “self-originating”).
89
Enrichment Terms for Disease: in situ (in SI-tu)
Localized, noninvasive (literally “in position”); said of tumors that do not spread, such as carcinoma in situ (CIS).
90
Enrichment Terms for Disease: normal flora (FLO-rah)
The microorganisms that normally live on or in the body and are generally harmless and often beneficial but can cause disease under special circumstances, such as injury or failure of the immune system.
91
Enrichment Terms for Disease: nosocomial (nos-o-KO-me-al)
Describing an infection acquired in a hospital (root nos/o means “disease,” and comial refers to a hospital), which can be a serious problem, especially if it is resistant to antibiotics, such as strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA).
92
Enrichment Terms for Disease: opportunistic (op-por-tu-NIS-tik)
Describing an infection that occurs because of a host’s poor or altered condition.
93
Enrichment Terms for Disease: pandemic (pan-DEM-ik)
Describing a disease that is prevalent throughout an entire region or the world; for example, AIDS is pandemic in certain regions of the world.
94
Enrichment Terms for Disease: remission (re-MISH-un)
A lessening of disease symptoms, the period during which such lessening occurs.
95
Enrichment Terms for Disease: septicemia (sep-tih-SE-me-ah)
Presence of pathogenic bacteria in the blood, blood poisoning.
96
Enrichment Terms for Disease: systemic (sis-TEM-ik)
Pertaining to the whole body.
97
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease: abscess (AB-ses)
A localized collection of pus.
98
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease: adhesion (ad-HE-zhun)
A uniting of two surfaces or parts that may normally be separated.
99
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease: anaplasia (ah-nah-PLA-ze-ah)
Lack of normal differentiation, as shown by cancer cells.
100
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease: ascites (a-SI-teze)
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
101
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease: cellulitis (sel-u-LI-tis)
A spreading inflammation of tissue.
102
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease: effusion (eh-FU-zhun)
Escape of fluid into a cavity or other body part.
103
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease: exudate (EKS-u-date)
Material that escapes from blood vessels as a result of tissue injury.
104
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease: fissure (FISH-ur)
A groove or split.
105
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease: gangrene (GANG-grene)
Death of tissue, usually caused by lack of blood supply; may be associated with bacterial infection and decomposition.
106
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease: hyperplasia (hi-per-PLA-ze-ah)
Excessive growth of normal cells in normal arrangement.
107
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease: hypertrophy (hi-PER-tro-fe)
An increase in the size of an organ without increase in the number of cells; may result from an increase in activity, as in muscles.
108
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease: induration (in-du-RA-shun)
Hardening, an abnormally hard spot or place.
109
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease: metaplasia (met-ah-PLA-ze-ah)
Conversion of cells to a form that is not normal for that tissue (prefix meta- means “change”).
110
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease: polyp (POL-ip)
A tumor attached by a thin stalk.
111
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease: purulent (PUR-u-lent)
Forming or containing pus.
112
Enrichment Terms for Manifestations of Disease: suppuration (sup-u-RA-shun)
Pus formation
113
What is Medical Diagnosis?
The determination of the nature and cause of an illness.
114
What does medical diagnosis begin with?
Diagnosis begins with a patient history. This includes a history of the present illness with a description of symptoms (evidence of disease), a past medical history, and a family and a social history.
115
What techniques do practitioners use in a physical examination?
Inspection: visual examination Palpation: touching the surface of the body with the hands or fingers Percussion: tapping the body to evaluate tissue according to the sounds produced Auscultation: listening to body sounds with a stethoscope
116
What are Vital Signs?
Measurements that reflect basic functions necessary to maintain life.
117
What is included in Vital Signs?
Temperature (T). Pulse rate, measured in beats per minute (bpm). Pulse rate normally corresponds to the heart rate (HR), the number of times the heart beats per minute. Respiration rate (R), measured in breaths per minute. Blood pressure (BP), measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) and recorded when the heart is contracting (systolic pressure) and relaxing (diastolic pressure).
118
What is an ophthalmoscope? | of-THAL-mo-skope
An instrument for examining the interior of the eye
119
What is an otoscope | O-to-skope
Instrument used to examine the ears
120
Define Biopsy:
Removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic examination
121
Biopsy specimens can be obtained by:
Needle withdrawal (aspiration) of fluid, as from the chest or from a cyst A small punch, as of the skin Endoscopy, as from the respiratory or digestive tract Surgical removal, as of a tumor or node
122
What is radiography (ra-de-OG-rah-fe)?
An imaging technique in which a machine beams x-rays (a form of radiation) through the body onto a piece of film. The resulting image is called a radiograph. Dark areas indicate where the beam passed through the body and exposed the film, whereas light areas show where the beam did not pass through.
123
What is computed tomography?
With a CT scan, a machine revolves around the patient, beaming x-rays through the body onto a detector. The detector takes numerous images of the beam and a computer assembles them into transverse sections, or “slices.” Unlike conventional radiography, CT produces clear images of soft structures such as the brain, liver, and lungs. It is commonly used to visualize brain injuries and tumors and even blood vessels when used with contrast media.
124
What is magnetic resonance imaging?
MRI uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves. The patient undergoing MRI lies inside a chamber within a very powerful magnet. The molecules in the patient’s soft tissues align with the magnetic field inside the chamber. When radio waves hit the soft tissue, the aligned molecules emit energy that the MRI machine detects, and a computer converts these signals into an image. MRI produces even clearer images of soft tissue than does CT and can create detailed views of blood vessels without contrast media. MRI can visualize brain injuries and tumors that might be missed using CT.
125
Define palliative therapy | PAL-e-ah-tiv
Providing relief but not cure; a treatment that provides such relief
126
Define Prognosis | prog-NO-sis
Prediction of a disease’s course and outcome
127
What is holistic health care? | ho-LIS-tik
Practice of treating a person as a whole entity with physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs; it stresses comprehensive care, involvement in one’s own care, and the maintenance of good health rather than the treatment of disease.
128
What two methods do Oncologists (cancer specialists) use to classify cancers, select and evaluate therapy, and estimate disease outcome.
Grading and Staging
129
Describe the "grading" method used by oncologists.
Grading is based on histologic (tissue) changes observed in tumor cells when they are examined microscopically. Grades increase from I to IV with increasing cellular abnormality.
130
Describe the "staging" method used by oncologists.
Staging is a procedure for establishing the clinical extent of tumor spread, both at the original site and in other parts of the body (metastases). The TNM system is commonly used. These letters stand for primary tumor (T), regional lymph nodes (N), and distant metastases (M). Evaluation in these categories varies for each type of tumor. Based on TNM results, a stage ranging in severity from I to IV is assigned. Cancers of the blood, lymphatic system, and nervous system are evaluated by different standards.
131
Define anesthesia | an-es-THE-ze-ah
Loss of the ability to feel pain, as by administration of a drug.
132
Define auscultation | aws-kul-TA-shun
Listening for sounds within the body, usually within the chest or abdomen
133
Define biopsy | BI-op-se
Removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic examination
134
Define cautery | KAW-ter-e
Destruction of tissue by a damaging agent, such as a harmful chemical, heat, or electric current (electrocautery); cauterization
135
Define chemotherapy | ke-mo-THER-ah-pe
Use of chemicals to treat disease; the term is often applied specifically to the treatment of cancer with chemicals
136
Define endoscope | EN-do-skope
An instrument for examining the inside of an organ or cavity through a body opening or small incision; most endoscopes use fiber optics for viewing
137
Define excision | ek-SIZH-un
Removal by cutting (suffix: -ectomy)
138
fixation | fik-SA-shun
Holding or fastening a structure in a firm position (suffix: -pexy)
139
Define grading | GRA-ding
A method for evaluating a tumor based on microscopic examination of the cells
140
Define immunotherapy | im-u-no-THER-ah-pe
Treatment that involves stimulation or suppression of the immune system, either specifically or nonspecifically
141
Define incision | in-SIZH-un
A cut, as for surgery; also the act of cutting (suffix: -tomy)
142
Define ophthalmoscope | of-THAL-mo-skope
An instrument for examining the interior of the eye
143
Define otoscope | O-to-skope
Instrument used to examine the ears
144
Define palpation | pal-PA-shun
Examining by placing the hands or fingers on the surface of the body to determine characteristics such as texture, temperature, movement, and consistency
145
Define percussion | per-KUSH-un
Tapping the body lightly but sharply to assess the condition of the underlying tissue by the sounds obtained
146
Define sphygmomanometer | sfig-mo-mah-NOM-eh-ter
Blood pressure apparatus or blood pressure cuff; pressure is read in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) when the heart is contracting (systolic pressure) and when the heart is relaxing (diastolic pressure) and is reported as systolic/diastolic
147
Define suture | SU-chur
To unite parts by stitching them together; also the thread or other material used in that process or the seam formed by surgical stitching
148
Define homeopathy | ho-me-OP-ah-the
A philosophy of treating disease by administering drugs in highly diluted form along with promoting healthy life habits and a healthy environment (from home/o, meaning “same,” and path/o, meaning “disease”)
149
Define naturopathy | na-chur-OP-ah-the
A therapeutic philosophy of helping people heal themselves by developing healthy lifestyles; naturopaths may use some of the methods of conventional medicine (from nature and path/o, meaning “disease”)
150
Define osteopathy | os-te-OP-ah-the
A system of therapy based on the theory that the body can overcome disease when it has normal structure, a favorable environment, and proper nutrition; osteopaths use standard medical practices for diagnosis and treatment but stress the identification and correction of faulty body structure (from oste/o, meaning “bone,” and path/o, meaning “disease”)
151
Roots for Physical Forces: Aer/o
Meaning: Air, Gas Example: Aerobic Definition: Pertaining to or requiring air (oxygen)
152
Roots for Physical Forces: Bar/o
Meaning: Pressure Example: Barometer Definition: Instrument used to measure pressure
153
Roots for Physical Forces: Chrom/o, Chromat/o
Meaning: Color, Stain Example: Chromatic Definition: Having color
154
Roots for Physical Forces: Chron/o
Meaning: Time Example: Chronologic Definition: Arranged according to time of occurrence
155
Roots for Physical Forces: Cry/o
Meaning: Cold Example: Cryoprobe Definition: Instrument used to apply extreme cold
156
Roots for Physical Forces: Electr/o
Meaning: Electricity Example: Electrolysis Definition: Decomposition of a substance by means of electric current
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Roots for Physical Forces: Erg/o
Meaning: Work Example: Synergistic Definition: Working together with increased effect, such as certain drugs in combination
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Roots for Physical Forces: Phon/o
Meaning: Sound, Voice Example: Phonograph Definition: Instrument used to reproduce sound
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Roots for Physical Forces: Phot/o
Meaning: Light Example: Photoreaction Definition: Response to light
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Roots for Physical Forces: Radi/o
Meaning: Radiation, X-ray Example: Radiology Definition: Study and use of radiation
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Roots for Physical Forces: Son/o
Meaning: Sound Example: Sonogram Definition: Record obtained by use of ultrasound
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Roots for Physical Forces: Therm/o
Meaning: Heat, Temperature Example: Hypothermia Definition: Abnormally low body temperature
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Suffixes for Diagnosis: -Graph
Meaning: Instrument for recording data Example: Polygraph Definition: Instrument used to record many physiologic responses simultaneously; lie detector.
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Suffixes for Diagnosis: -Graphy
Meaning: Act of recording data Example: echography Definition: recording data obtained by ultrasound
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Suffixes for Diagnosis: -Gram
Meaning: a record of data Example: electrocardiogram Definition: record of the heart's electrical activity
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Suffixes for Diagnosis: -Meter
Meaning: Instrument for measuring Example: calorimeter Definition: instrument for measuring the caloric energy of food.
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Suffixes for Diagnosis: -Metry
Meaning: measurement of Example: audiometry Definition: measurement of hearing (audi/o); root metr/o means measure
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Suffixes for Diagnosis: -Scope
Meaning: instrument for viewing or examining Example: bronchoscope Definition: instrument for examining the bronchi (breathing passages)
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Suffixes for Diagnosis: -Scopy
Meaning: examination of Example: celioscopy Definition: examination of the abdominal cavity (celi/o)
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Suffixes for Surgery: -Centesis
Meaning: puncture, tap Example: thoracentesis Definition: puncture of the chest
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Suffixes for Surgery: -Desis
Meaning: binding, fusion Example: pleurodesis Definition: binding of the pleura (membranes around the lungs)
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Suffixes for Surgery: -Ectomy
Meaning: excision, surgical removal Example: hepatectomy Definition: excision of livertissue (hepat/o)
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Suffixes for Surgery: -Pexy
Meaning: surgical fixation Example: hysteropexy Definition: surgical fixation of the uterus (hyster/o)
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Suffixes for Surgery: -Plasty
Meaning: plastic repair, plastic surgery, reconstruction Example: rhinoplasty Definition: plastic surgery of the nose (rhin/o)
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Suffixes for Surgery: -Rhaphy
Meaning: surgical repair, suture Example: herniorrhaphy Definition: surgical repair of a hernia
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Suffixes for Surgery: -Stomy
Meaning: surgical creation of an opening Example: tracheostomy Definition: creation of an opening in the trachea
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Suffixes for Surgery: -Tome
Meaning: instrument for incising (cutting) Example: microtome Definition: instrument for cutting thin sections of tissue for microscopic study
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Suffixes for Surgery: -Tomy
Meaning: incision, cutting Example: laparotomy Definition: surgical incision of the abdomen (lapar/o)
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Suffixes for Surgery: -Tripsy
Meaning: crushing Example: neurotripsy Definition: crushing of a nerve
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Enrichment Terms - Symptoms: clubbing KLUB-ing
Enlargement of the ends of the fingers and toes because of soft-tissue growth of the nails; seen in a variety of diseases, especially lung and heart diseases
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Enrichment Terms - Symptoms: colic KOL-ik
Acute abdominal pain associated with smooth muscle spasms
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Enrichment Terms - Symptoms: cyanosis si-ah-NO-sis
Bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen
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Enrichment Terms - Symptoms: diaphoresis di-ah-fo-RE-sis
Profuse sweating
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Enrichment Terms - Symptoms: malaise mah-LAZE
A feeling of discomfort or uneasiness, often indicative of infection or other disease (from French, meaning “discomfort,” using the prefix mal-, meaning “bad”)
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Enrichment Terms - Symptoms: nocturnal nok-TUR-nal
Pertaining to or occurring at night (roots noct/i and nyct/o mean “night”)
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Enrichment Terms - Symptoms: pallor PAL-or
Paleness, lack of color
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Enrichment Terms - Symptoms: prodrome PRO-drome
A symptom indicating an approaching disease
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Enrichment Terms - Symptoms: sequela seh-KWEL-ah
A lasting effect of a disease (plural: sequelae)
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Enrichment Terms - Symptoms: syncope SIN-ko-pe
A temporary loss of consciousness because of inadequate blood flow to the brain, fainting
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Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis: alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) AL-fah-fe-to-PRO-tene
A fetal protein that appears in the blood of adults with certain types of cancer
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Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis: bruit brwe
A sound, usually abnormal, heard in auscultation
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Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis: facies FA-she-eze
The expression or appearance of the face
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Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis: febrile FEB-ril
Pertaining to fever
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Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis: nuclear medicine
The branch of medicine concerned with the use of radioactive substances (radionuclides) for diagnosis, therapy, and research
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Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis: radiology ra-de-OL-o-je
The branch of medicine that uses radiation, such as x-rays, in the diagnosis and treatment of disease; a specialist in this field is a radiologist
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Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis: radionuclide ra-de-o-NU-klide
A substance that gives off radiation; used for diagnosis and treatment; also called radioisotope or radiopharmaceutical
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Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis: speculum SPEK-u-lum
An instrument for examining a canal
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Enrichment Terms - Diagnosis: syndrome SIN-drome
A group of signs and symptoms that together characterize a disease condition
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Enrichment Terms - Treatment: catheter KATH-eh-ter
A thin tube that can be passed into the body; used to remove fluids from or introduce fluids into a body cavity
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Enrichment Terms - Treatment: clysis KLI-sis
The introduction of fluid into the body, other than orally, as into the rectum or abdominal cavity; also refers to the solution thus used
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Enrichment Terms - Treatment: irrigation ir-ih-GA-shun
Flushing of a tube, cavity, or area with a fluid
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Enrichment Terms - Treatment: lavage lah-VAJ
The washing out of a cavity, irrigation
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Enrichment Terms - Treatment: ``` normal saline (NS) SA-lenesolution (PSS) ```
A salt (NaCl) solution compatible with living cells, also called physiologic saline
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Enrichment Terms - Treatment: paracentesis par-ah-sen-TE-sis
Puncture of a cavity for removal of fluid
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Enrichment Terms - Treatment: prophylaxis pro-fih-LAK-sis
Prevention of disease
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Enrichment Terms - Surgery: drain
Device for allowing matter to escape from a wound or cavity; common types include Penrose (cigarette), T-tube, Jackson–Pratt (J-P), and Hemovac
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Enrichment Terms - Surgery: ligature LIG-ah-chur
A tie or bandage, the process of binding or tying (also called ligation)
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Enrichment Terms - Surgery: resection re-SEK-shun
Partial excision of a structure
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Enrichment Terms - Surgery: stapling STA-pling
In surgery, the joining of tissue by using wire staples that are pushed through the tissue and then bent
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Enrichment Terms - Surgery:
Prevention of disease
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Symbols: 1°
primary
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Symbols: 2°
secondary (to)
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Symbols: Δ
change
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Symbols: Ⓛ, Ⓡ
left & right
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Symbols: ↑, ↓
increase(d) and decrease(d)
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Symbols: ∧, ∨
above & below
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Symbols: ±
doubtful, slight
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Define Drug
a substance that alters body function
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Define Anaphylaxis | an-ah-fih-LAK-sis
An extreme allergic reaction that can lead to respiratory distress, circulatory collapse, and death
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Define Synergy | SIN-er-je
Combined action of two or more drugs working together to produce an effect greater than any of the drugs could produce when acting alone; also called synergism (SIN-er-jizm); adjective: synergistic (sin-er-JIS-tik)
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Define Potentiation | po-ten-she-A-shun
Increased potency created by two drugs acting together
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Define Antagonist | an-TAG-o-nist
A substance that interferes with or opposes the action of a drug
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What is a generic drug name?
The generic name is usually a simple version of the chemical name for the drug and is not capitalized.
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Define Phytomedicine | fi-to-MED-ih-sin
Another name for herbal medicine (root phyt/o meaning “plant”)
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Define Contraindication | kon-trah-in-dih-KA-shun
A factor that makes the use of a drug undesirable or dangerous
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What are the two Routes of Drug Administration?
Absorption and Injection
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Absorption Methods of Drug Administration
Absorption: taken into the circulation through the digestive tract or by transfer across another membrane. Inhalation: through respiratory system. Instillation: liquid is dropped or poured slowly into a body cavity or on the surface of the body, such as into the ear or onto the eye. Oral: by mouth Rectal: administered by rectal suppository or enema Sublingual (SL): administered under the tongue Topical: applied to the surface of the skin Transdermal: absorbed through the skin, as from a patch
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Injection Methods of Drug Administration:
Injection: administered by a needle and syringe Epidural: injected into the space between the meninges (membranes around the spinal cord) and the spine Hypodermoclysis: administration of a solution by subcutaneous infusion; useful for fluid delivery as an alternative for intravenous infusion Intradermal (ID): injected into the skin Intramuscular (IM): injected into a muscle Intravenous (IV): injected into a vein Spinal (intrathecal): injected through the meninges into the spinal fluid Subcutaneous (SC): injected beneath the skin; hypodermic
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Suffixes Pertaining to Drugs: -lytic
Meaning: Dissolving, Reducing, Loosening Example: Thrombolytic Definition: Agent that dissoles a blood cot (thrombus)
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Suffixes Pertaining to Drugs: -mimetic
Meaning: Mimicking, Simulating Example: Sympathomimetic Definition: Mimicking the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
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Suffixes Pertaining to Drugs: -Tropic
Meaning: Acting on Example: Psychotropic Definition: Acting on the mind (psych/o)
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Prefixes Pertaining to Drugs: Anti-
Meaning: Against Example: Antiemetic Definition: A drug that prevents vomiting (emesis)
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Prefixes Pertaining to Drugs: Contra-
Meaning: Against, Opposite, Opposed Example: Contraceptive Definition: Preventing conception
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Prefixes Pertaining to Drugs: Contra-
Meaning: Against, Opposed Example: Countertransport Definition: Movement in an opposite direction
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Roots Pertaining to Drugs: Alg/o, Algi/o, Algesi/o
Meaning: Pain Example: Algesia Definition: Sense of pain
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Roots Pertaining to Drugs: Chem/o
Meaning: Chemical Example: Chemotherapy Definition: Treatment with drugs
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Roots Pertaining to Drugs: Hypn/o
Meaning: Sleep Example: Hypnosis Definition: Induced state of sleep
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Roots Pertaining to Drugs: Narc/o
Meaning: Stupor Example: Narcotic Definition: Agent that induces a state of stupor with decreased sensation
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Roots Pertaining to Drugs: Pharm, Pharmac/o
Meaning: Drug, Medicine Example: Pharmacy Definition: The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, or the place where these activities occur.
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Roots Pertaining to Drugs: Pyr/o, Pyret/o
Meaning: Fever Example: Antipyretic Definition: Counteracting fever
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Roots Pertaining to Drugs: Tox/o, Toxic/o
Meaning: Poison, Toxin Example: Toxicity Definition: State of being poisonous
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Roots Pertaining to Drugs: Vas/o
Meaning: Vessel Example: Vasodilation Definition: Widening of a vessel