Med Term - Ch 2 Flashcards
What does the acronym ROS stand for?
ROS = Review Of Systems (used in diagnosis to determine what me be causing symptoms)
What does the acronym CBC stand for?
CBC = Complete Blood Count
Levels of building blocks for organisms
Chemicals - Cells - Tissues - Organs - Systems - Organism
What is the basic unit of living organisms?
The Cell
Define Metabolism
The sum of all the body’s physical and chemical activities.
What are the main categories of organic compounds contained in cells?
Proteins, which include the enzymes, some hormones, and structural materials.
Carbohydrates, which include sugars and starches. The main carbohydrate is the sugar glucose, which circulates in the blood to provide energy for the cells.
Lipids, which include fats. Some hormones are derived from lipids, and adipose (fat) tissue is designed to store lipids.
How may chromosomes are in a human cell?
There are 46 chromosomes in each human cell, except the sex cells (egg and sperm).
What is Mitosis?
The process of cell division.
A body cell divides by the process of mitosis, the chromosomes are doubled and then equally distributed to the two daughter cells.
What happens during Mitosis?
The chromosomes are doubled and then equally distributed to the two daughter cells.
When a cell is not dividing, what phase is it in?
Interphase
What happens to cells in cancer?
In cancer, cells multiply without control causing cellular overgrowth and tumors.
What is meiosis?
Reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) divide by the process of meiosis, that halves the chromosomes in preparation for fertilization.
Cells are organized into four basic types of tissues. What are they?
Epithelial (ep-ih-THE-le-al) tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue (root: my/o), & Nervous tissue (root: neur/o)
What is the function of Epithelial tissue?
It covers and protects body structures and lines organs, vessels, and cavities.
Describe simple epithelium
Tissue composed of cells in a single layer, functions to absorb substances from one system to another, as in the respiratory and digestive tracts.
Describe stratified epithelium
Tissue with cells in multiple layers, protects deeper tissues, as in the mouth and vagina. Most of the active cells in glands are epithelial cells.
What is the function of connective tissue?
Connective tissue supports and binds body structures.
Describe connective tissue
It contains fibers and other nonliving material between the cells. Included in this category are blood, adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage, and bone.
What is the function of muscle tissue?
It contracts to provide movement.
What are the three types of muscle tissues?
Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth or Visceral
Describe skeletal muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle moves the skeleton. It has visible cross-bands, or striations, that are involved in contraction. Because it is under conscious control, it is also called voluntary muscle.
Describe cardiac muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle forms the heart. It functions without conscious control and is described as involuntary.
Describe Smooth or visceral muscle
Smooth or visceral muscle forms the walls of the abdominal organs; it is also involuntary. Many organs described in later chapters on the systems have walls made of smooth muscle. The walls of ducts and blood vessels also are composed mainly of smooth muscle.
Describe nervous tissue?
Nervous tissue (root: neur/o) makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It coordinates and controls body responses by the transmission of electrical impulses. The basic cell in nervous tissue is the neuron, or nerve cell.
What is Biopsy?
Biopsy is the removal and examination of living tissue to determine a diagnosis. The term is also applied to the specimen itself. Biopsy comes from the Greek word bios, meaning “life,” plus opsis, meaning “vision.” Together they mean the visualization of living tissue.
Define “In Vivo”
“In the living body”
Define “In Vitro”
“In glass”
Refers to procedures and experiments done in the laboratory, as compared to studies done in living organisms.
Define “In situ”
“In its original place”
Used to refer to tumors that have not spread.
Define “In toto”
“Whole” or “completely,” as in referring to a structure or organ removed totally from the body.
Define Postmortem
Literally means “after death,” as in referring to an autopsy performed to determine the cause of death.
What is a membrane? (MEM-brane)
A simple, very thin, and pliable sheet of tissue. Membranes may cover an organ, line a cavity, or separate one structure from another.
3 Types of Membranes:
Mucous membranes: secrete mucus, a thick fluid that lubricates surfaces and protects the underlying tissue
Serous membranes: secrete a thin, watery fluid, line body cavities and cover organs.
Fibrous membranes: cover and support organs, as found around the bones, brain, and spinal cord.
Define Histology (his-TOL-o-je)
The study of tissues, based on the root hist/o, meaning “tissue.”
Describe the Integumentary system.
This includes the skin and its associated structures, such as hair, sweat glands, and oil glands. This system functions in protection and also helps to regulate body temperature.
Describe the Skeletal system.
This includes the bones and joints.
Describe the Muscular system.
This moves the skeleton and makes up the walls of internal organs. The muscular system and skeleton protect vital body parts.
Describe the Nervous system.
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and includes the sensory system and special senses, with emphasis on the ear and the eye. This system receives and processes stimuli and directs responses.
Describe the Endocrine system.
It consists of individual glands that produce hormones.
Describe the Cardiovascular system.
Consists of the blood, heart, and blood vessels.
Describe the Lymphatic system.
Consist of organs, and vessels that aid circulation and help protect the body from foreign materials.
What is the function of the Respiratory system?
Obtains the oxygen needed for metabolism and eliminates carbon dioxide, a byproduct of metabolism.
What is the function of the Digestive system?
Takes in, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients and eliminates undigested waste.
What is the function of the Urinary system?
It eliminates soluble waste and balances the volume and composition of body fluids.
What is the function of the Reproductive systems concerned with production of offspring?
The male and female reproductive systems are concerned with production of offspring.
Define Homeostasis (ho-me-o-STA-sis)
A steady state, a condition of internal stability and constancy.
Define adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
(ah-DEN-o-sene tri-FOS-fate)
The energy compound of the cell that stores energy needed for cell activities.
Define carbohydrates
(kar-bo-HI-drates)
The category of organic compounds that includes sugars and starches.
Define Cell
The basic structural and functional unit of the living organism, a microscopic unit that combines with other cells to form tissues (root: cyt/o)
Define chromosome
(KRO-mo-some)
A thread-like body in a cell’s nucleus that contains genetic information
Define cytology
(si-TOL-o-je)
The Study of cells
Define cytoplasm
(SI-to-plazm)
The fluid that fills a cell and holds the organelles.
Define deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
(de-ok-se-ri-bo-nu-KLE-ik)
The genetic compound of the cell, makes up the genes.
Define enzyme
(EN-zime)
An organic substance that speeds the rate of a metabolic reaction.
Define gene
(jene)
A hereditary unit composed of DNA and combined with other genes to form the chromosomes.
Define glucose
(GLU-kose)
A simple sugar that circulates in the blood, the main energy source for metabolism (roots: gluc/o, glyc/o).
Define lipid
(LIP-id)
A category of organic compounds that includes fats (root: lip/o).
Define mucus
(MU-kus)
A thick fluid secreted by cells in membranes and glands that lubricates and protects tissues (roots: muc/o, myx/o); the adjective is mucous.
Define nucleus
(NU-kle-us)
The cell’s control center; directs all cellular activities based on the information contained in its chromosomes (roots: nucle/o, kary/o).
Define organ
(OR-gan)
A part of the body with a specific function, a component of a body system.
Define organelle
(OR-gah-nel)
A specialized structure in the cytoplasm of a cell.
Define protein
(PRO-tene)
A category of organic compounds that includes structural materials, enzymes, and some hormones.
Define ribonucleic acid (RNA)
(ri-bo-nu-KLE-ik)
An organic compound involved in the manufacture of proteins within cells.
Define tissue
(TISH-u)
A group of cells that acts together for a specific purpose (roots: hist/o, histi/o); types include epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
What is the anatomic position?
Standing erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, legs parallel, toes pointed forward; used for descriptions and studies of the body.
Directional Terms:
Define anterior (ventral)
toward or at the front (belly) of the body
Directional Terms:
Define: posterior (dorsal)
Toward or at the back (dorsum) of the body
Directional Terms:
Define medial
toward the midline of the body
Directional Terms:
Define lateral
toward the side of the body
Directional Terms:
Define proximal
nearer to the point of attachment or to a given reference point
Directional Terms:
Define Distal
farther from the point of attachment or from a given reference point
Directional Terms:
Define superior
above, in a higher position
Directional Terms:
Define inferior
below, in a lower position
Directional Terms:
cranial (cephalad)
toward the head
Directional Terms:
Define caudal
toward the lower end of the spine (Latin cauda means “tail”); in humans, in an inferior direction
Directional Terms:
Define superficial (external)
closer to the surface of the body
Directional Terms:
Define deep (internal)
closer to the center of the body
How does the A frontal plane (also called coronal place) divide the body?
It is made at right angles to the midline and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
How does the A sagittal plane divide the body?
It passes from front to back and divides the body into right and left portions. If the plane passes through the midline, it is a midsagittal or medial plane.
How does the A transverse (horizontal) plane divide the body?
It passes horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.
Where are internal organs stored?
Body cavities, which are separated into two categories, dorsal (toward the back) and ventral (toward the front/belly)
Describe the Dorsal Cavity
The dorsal cavity contains the brain in the cranial cavity and the spinal cord in the spinal cavity (canal).
Describe the Ventral Cavity?
The uppermost ventral space, the thoracic cavity, is separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm, a muscle used in breathing. There is no anatomic separation between the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity, which together make up the abdominopelvic cavity.
What is the peritoneum (per-ih-to-NE-um)?
The large membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs within it.
Name the nine abdominal regions.
epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, right & left hypochondriac, right & left lumbar, right & left iliac.
Common terms for body regions - anterior (front) view
Common terms for body regions - posterior (rear) view
What are the medial regions of the abdomen?
The sections down the midline are the:
Epigastric (ep-ih-GAS-trik) region, located above the stomach
Umbilical (um-BIL-ih-kal) region, named for the umbilicus, or navel
Hypogastric (hi-po-GAS-trik) region, located below the stomach
What are the lateral regions of the abdomen?
The lateral regions have the same name on the left and right sides. They are the:
Hypochondriac (hi-po-KON-dre-ak) regions, right and left, named for their positions near the ribs, specifically near the cartilages (root: chondr/o) of the ribs
Lumbar (LUM-bar) regions, right and left, which are located near the small of the back (lumbar region of the spine)
Iliac (IL-e-ak) regions, right and left, named for the upper bone of the hip, the ilium; also called the inguinal (ING-gwih-nal) regions, with reference to the groin
What is the decubitus position?
de-KU-bih-tus
Lying down, specifically according to the part of the body resting on a flat surface, as in left or right lateral decubitus, or dorsal or ventral decubitus.
What is the dorsal recumbent position?
re-KUM-bent
On back, with legs bent and separated, feet flat; used for obstetrics and gynecology.
What is the Fowler position?
On back, head of bed raised about 18 inches, knees elevated; used to ease breathing and for drainage.
What is the jackknife position?
JAK-nife
On back with shoulders elevated, legs flexed and thighs at right angles to the abdomen; used to introduce a tube into the urethra.
What is the knee–chest position?
On knees, head and upper chest on table, arms crossed above head; used in gynecology and obstetrics and for flushing the intestine.
What is the lateral recumbent position?
On the side with one leg flexed, arm position may vary.
What is the lithotomy position?
lih-THOT-o-me
On back, legs flexed on abdomen, thighs apart; used for gynecologic and urologic surgery.
What is the prone position?
Lying face down.
What is the prone jackknife position?
JAK-nife
On abdomen with bed bent so that the body is in a V with the head and feet below the hips. Used for anorectal surgery.
What is the Sims position?
On left side, right leg drawn up high and forward, left arm along back, chest forward resting on bed; used for kidney and uterine surgery, colon examination, and enemas.
What is the supine position?
SU-pine
Lying face up.
What is the Trendelenburg position?
tren-DEL-en-berg
On back with head lowered by tilting bed back at 45-degree angle; used for pelvic and abdominal surgery, treatment of shock.
What is the diaphragm?
DI-ah-fram
The muscle that separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity.
